المصدر: Carbon-based_Membranes_for_ Separation_Processes في منتدى : العلوم العامة والبرامج العلمية بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Carbon-based_Membranes_for_Separation_Processes by Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Dipak Rana, Takeshi Matsuura, Henry C. Foley BooK description This book provides a significant overview of carbon-related membranes. It will cover the development of carbon related membranes and membrane modules from its onset to the latest research on carbon mixed matrix membranes. After reviewing progress in the field, the authors indicate future research directions and prospective development. The authors also attempt to provide a guideline for the readers who would like to establish their own laboratories for carbon membrane research. For this purpose, detailed information on preparation, characterization and testing of various types of carbon membrane is provided. Design and construction of carbon membrane modules are also described in detail. ContentsChapter-1 Introduction 1.1 The Development of Porous Inorganic Membranes References Chapter-2 Transport Mechanism of Carbon Membranes 2.1 Transport of Gas Through CMSMs 2.2 Solution-Diffusion Model for Single Gas Transport 2.3 Solution-Diffusion Model for the Transport of Binary Gas Mixtures References Chapter-3 Configurations of Carbon Membranes 3.1 Flat (Supported and Unsupported) Carbon Membranes 3.2 Carbon Membranes Supported on Tube 3.3 Carbon Capillary Membranes 3.4 Carbon Hollow Fiber Membranes References Chapter-4 Preparation of Carbon Membranes 4.1 Precursor Selection 4.1.1 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) 4.1.2 Polyimide and Derivatives 4.1.3 Phenolic Resin 4.1.4 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol 4.1.5 Recent Works on the CMSM Precursors 4.2 Polymeric Membrane Preparation 4.3 Pretreatment of Precursor 4.3.1 Oxidation Pretreatment 4.3.2 Chemical Treatment 4.3.3 Stretching 4.3.4 Other Pretreatment 4.4 Pyrolysis Process 4.5 Post Treatment 4.5.1 Post Oxidation 4.5.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 4.5.3 Post Pyrolysis 4.5.4 Fouling Reduction 4.5.5 Coating References Chapter-5 Examples of CMSM Preparation, Characterization and Testing 5.1 Hollow Fiber CMSM Membrane from Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) 5.1.1 Polymer Solution Preparation 5.1.2 Hollow Fiber Spinning Process 5.1.3 Solvent Exchange Drying Process 5.1.4 Pyrolysis System 5.1.5 Membrane Characterization 5.1.5.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 5.1.5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 5.1.5.3 Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) 5.1.5.4 Elemental Analysis 5.1.6 Gas Permeation Test 5.2 Flat Sheet CMSM 5.2.1 Precursor Membrane Formation 5.2.2 Pyrolysis of Flat Sheet CMSMs 5.2.3 Gas Permeation Experiment Preparation 5.2.4 Gas Permeation Experiment References Chapter-6 Membrane Characterization 6.1 Permeability Measurement 6.1.1 Liquid Permeability 6.2 Physical Characterization 6.2.1 Themogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 6.2.2 Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 6.2.3 Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) 6.2.4 Adsorption and Sorption Experiments 6.2.5 Other Methods References Chapter-7 Membrane Module Constructions 7.1 Honey Comb Membrane Module by Blue Membranes GmbH 7.2 Capillary Type CMSM Developed By Haraya et al. References Chapter-8 Other Carbon-Based Membranes 8.1 Carbon Nanotubes Membrane 8.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulation 8.2.1 Micropore Transport 8.2.2 Knudsen Transport 8.2.3 Viscous Flow Transport 8.2.4 Discussion on the Gas Transport in the Carbon Nanotubes 8.2.5 Discussion on the Water Transport in the Carbon Nanotubes 8.3 Carbon Nanofiber Membranes 8.3.1 Membrane Preparation 8.3.2 Membrane Characterization 8.3.3 Adsorption Tests of Monchloroacetic Acid 8.3.4 Filtration Conditions and Rejection Measurements 8.3.5 Results and Discussion 8.3.6 Conclusions 8.4 Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) 8.4.1 Membranes Filled with Activated Carbons or CMSs 8.4.2 Membranes Filled with Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 8.5 Other Inorganic Materials Blended in Precursors References Chapter-9 Applications of Carbon-Based Membranes for Separation Purposes 9.1 Application in Gas Separation and RO/NF/UF/MF 9.2 Vapor Separation 9.3 Pervaporation 9.4 Fuel Cell Application 9.5 Water Treatment 9.6 Membrane Reactor 9.7 Miscellaneous Applications References Chapter-10 Economic Evaluation 10.1 Recovery of Hydrogen from the Natural Gas Network 10.1.1 Introduction 10.1.1.1 Local Permeance and the Temperature Effect on the Permeability 10.1.1.2 NaturalHy Design Basis 10.1.1.3 Performance Data 10.1.1.4 Comparison of Membrane Performance with Commercial Polyimide Membrane 10.1.1.5 Carbon Membrane Module Cost 10.1.2 Methodology 10.1.2.1 Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization 10.1.3 Recovery from a Mixed Hydrogen-NG Network 10.1.3.1 Comparison with a Polyimide (PI) Membrane 10.2 Applications in Landfill Gas Energy Recovery 10.2.1 Introduction 10.2.1.1 Membrane Development 10.2.2 Application 10.2.2.1 Internal Combustion Engine Power Generation 10.2.2.2 Upgrade Landfill Gas to Pipeline Quality 10.2.2.3 Landfill Gas Generation and Collection Efficiency 10.2.2.4 Carbon Molecular Sieve Membrane Performance 10.2.3 Economic Analysis of Applications 10.2.3.1 Internal Combustion Engine Power Generation 10.2.3.2 Injection into Pipeline References Chapter-11 Current Research and Future Direction 11.1 Inorganic Membranes and Carbon Membrane 11.2 Current Research and Future Direction of Carbon Membrane Development for Gas Separation 11.2.1 Advantages of the carbon membranes 11.2.2 Disadvantage of Carbon Membranes 11.2.3 Application of Carbon Membranes 11.2.3.1 Nitrogen Production from Air 11.2.3.2 Purification of Methane 11.2.3.3 Hydrogen Recovery 11.2.3.4 Light Alkenes/Alkanes 11.2.3.5 Olefins and Paraffins 11.2.3.6 Carbon Membrane Reactor 11.2.3.7 Optimization 11.2.4 Challenge in Carbon Membrane Development 11.2.5 Few Manufacturers 11.2.6 Improving Performance 11.2.7 Future Directions of Research and Development 11.2.7.1 Choice of Precursor and Optimization of Precursor Preparation Process 11.2.7.2 Optimization of Pyrolysis Process 11.2.7.3 Composite Precursor for Carbon Membranes 11.2.7.4 Polymer Blend Carbonization 11.2.7.5 Carbon Membrane Module Design 11.2.7.6 Fiber Stretching During Spinning or Pre-oxidation Process 11.2.7.7 Pre- and Post-treatment 11.2.7.8 Carbon Membrane Aging and its Regeneration 11.2.8 Chemical Vapor Deposition 11.2.9 Conclusions References Index LinK