بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Carbon-based_Membranes_for_Separation_Processes
by
Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Dipak Rana, Takeshi Matsuura, Henry C. Foley
BooK description
This book provides a significant overview of carbon-related membranes. It will cover the development of carbon related membranes and membrane modules from its onset to the latest research on carbon mixed matrix membranes. After reviewing progress in the field, the authors indicate future research directions and prospective development. The authors also attempt to provide a guideline for the readers who would like to establish their own laboratories for carbon membrane research. For this purpose, detailed information on preparation, characterization and testing of various types of carbon membrane is provided. Design and construction of carbon membrane modules are also described in detail.
Contents
Carbon-based_Membranes_for_Separation_Processes
by
Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Dipak Rana, Takeshi Matsuura, Henry C. Foley
BooK description
This book provides a significant overview of carbon-related membranes. It will cover the development of carbon related membranes and membrane modules from its onset to the latest research on carbon mixed matrix membranes. After reviewing progress in the field, the authors indicate future research directions and prospective development. The authors also attempt to provide a guideline for the readers who would like to establish their own laboratories for carbon membrane research. For this purpose, detailed information on preparation, characterization and testing of various types of carbon membrane is provided. Design and construction of carbon membrane modules are also described in detail.
Contents
Chapter-1
Introduction
1.1 The Development of Porous Inorganic Membranes
References
Chapter-2
Transport Mechanism of Carbon Membranes
2.1 Transport of Gas Through CMSMs
2.2 Solution-Diffusion Model for Single Gas Transport
2.3 Solution-Diffusion Model for the Transport of Binary Gas Mixtures
References
Chapter-3
Configurations of Carbon Membranes
3.1 Flat (Supported and Unsupported) Carbon Membranes
3.2 Carbon Membranes Supported on Tube
3.3 Carbon Capillary Membranes
3.4 Carbon Hollow Fiber Membranes
References
Chapter-4
Preparation of Carbon Membranes
4.1 Precursor Selection
4.1.1 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
4.1.2 Polyimide and Derivatives
4.1.3 Phenolic Resin
4.1.4 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol
4.1.5 Recent Works on the CMSM Precursors
4.2 Polymeric Membrane Preparation
4.3 Pretreatment of Precursor
4.3.1 Oxidation Pretreatment
4.3.2 Chemical Treatment
4.3.3 Stretching
4.3.4 Other Pretreatment
4.4 Pyrolysis Process
4.5 Post Treatment
4.5.1 Post Oxidation
4.5.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition
4.5.3 Post Pyrolysis
4.5.4 Fouling Reduction
4.5.5 Coating
References
Chapter-5
Examples of CMSM Preparation, Characterization and Testing
5.1 Hollow Fiber CMSM Membrane from Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
5.1.1 Polymer Solution Preparation
5.1.2 Hollow Fiber Spinning Process
5.1.3 Solvent Exchange Drying Process
5.1.4 Pyrolysis System
5.1.5 Membrane Characterization
5.1.5.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
5.1.5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
5.1.5.3 Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)
5.1.5.4 Elemental Analysis
5.1.6 Gas Permeation Test
5.2 Flat Sheet CMSM
5.2.1 Precursor Membrane Formation
5.2.2 Pyrolysis of Flat Sheet CMSMs
5.2.3 Gas Permeation Experiment Preparation
5.2.4 Gas Permeation Experiment
References
Chapter-6
Membrane Characterization
6.1 Permeability Measurement
6.1.1 Liquid Permeability
6.2 Physical Characterization
6.2.1 Themogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
6.2.2 Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
6.2.3 Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR)
6.2.4 Adsorption and Sorption Experiments
6.2.5 Other Methods
References
Chapter-7
Membrane Module Constructions
7.1 Honey Comb Membrane Module by Blue Membranes GmbH
7.2 Capillary Type CMSM Developed By Haraya et al.
References
Chapter-8
Other Carbon-Based Membranes
8.1 Carbon Nanotubes Membrane
8.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulation
8.2.1 Micropore Transport
8.2.2 Knudsen Transport
8.2.3 Viscous Flow Transport
8.2.4 Discussion on the Gas Transport in the Carbon Nanotubes
8.2.5 Discussion on the Water Transport in the Carbon Nanotubes
8.3 Carbon Nanofiber Membranes
8.3.1 Membrane Preparation
8.3.2 Membrane Characterization
8.3.3 Adsorption Tests of Monchloroacetic Acid
8.3.4 Filtration Conditions and Rejection Measurements
8.3.5 Results and Discussion
8.3.6 Conclusions
8.4 Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs)
8.4.1 Membranes Filled with Activated Carbons or CMSs
8.4.2 Membranes Filled with Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
8.5 Other Inorganic Materials Blended in Precursors
References
Chapter-9
Applications of Carbon-Based Membranes for Separation Purposes
9.1 Application in Gas Separation and RO/NF/UF/MF
9.2 Vapor Separation
9.3 Pervaporation
9.4 Fuel Cell Application
9.5 Water Treatment
9.6 Membrane Reactor
9.7 Miscellaneous Applications
References
Chapter-10
Economic Evaluation
10.1 Recovery of Hydrogen from the Natural Gas Network
10.1.1 Introduction
10.1.1.1 Local Permeance and the Temperature Effect on the Permeability
10.1.1.2 NaturalHy Design Basis
10.1.1.3 Performance Data
10.1.1.4 Comparison of Membrane Performance with Commercial Polyimide Membrane
10.1.1.5 Carbon Membrane Module Cost
10.1.2 Methodology
10.1.2.1 Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization
10.1.3 Recovery from a Mixed Hydrogen-NG Network
10.1.3.1 Comparison with a Polyimide (PI) Membrane
10.2 Applications in Landfill Gas Energy Recovery
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.1.1 Membrane Development
10.2.2 Application
10.2.2.1 Internal Combustion Engine Power Generation
10.2.2.2 Upgrade Landfill Gas to Pipeline Quality
10.2.2.3 Landfill Gas Generation and Collection Efficiency
10.2.2.4 Carbon Molecular Sieve Membrane Performance
10.2.3 Economic Analysis of Applications
10.2.3.1 Internal Combustion Engine Power Generation
10.2.3.2 Injection into Pipeline
References
Chapter-11
Current Research and Future Direction
11.1 Inorganic Membranes and Carbon Membrane
11.2 Current Research and Future Direction of Carbon Membrane Development for Gas Separation
11.2.1 Advantages of the carbon membranes
11.2.2 Disadvantage of Carbon Membranes
11.2.3 Application of Carbon Membranes
11.2.3.1 Nitrogen Production from Air
11.2.3.2 Purification of Methane
11.2.3.3 Hydrogen Recovery
11.2.3.4 Light Alkenes/Alkanes
11.2.3.5 Olefins and Paraffins
11.2.3.6 Carbon Membrane Reactor
11.2.3.7 Optimization
11.2.4 Challenge in Carbon Membrane Development
11.2.5 Few Manufacturers
11.2.6 Improving Performance
11.2.7 Future Directions of Research and Development
11.2.7.1 Choice of Precursor and Optimization of Precursor Preparation Process
11.2.7.2 Optimization of Pyrolysis Process
11.2.7.3 Composite Precursor for Carbon Membranes
11.2.7.4 Polymer Blend Carbonization
11.2.7.5 Carbon Membrane Module Design
11.2.7.6 Fiber Stretching During Spinning or Pre-oxidation Process
11.2.7.7 Pre- and Post-treatment
11.2.7.8 Carbon Membrane Aging and its Regeneration
11.2.8 Chemical Vapor Deposition
11.2.9 Conclusions
References
Index
LinK
Introduction
1.1 The Development of Porous Inorganic Membranes
References
Chapter-2
Transport Mechanism of Carbon Membranes
2.1 Transport of Gas Through CMSMs
2.2 Solution-Diffusion Model for Single Gas Transport
2.3 Solution-Diffusion Model for the Transport of Binary Gas Mixtures
References
Chapter-3
Configurations of Carbon Membranes
3.1 Flat (Supported and Unsupported) Carbon Membranes
3.2 Carbon Membranes Supported on Tube
3.3 Carbon Capillary Membranes
3.4 Carbon Hollow Fiber Membranes
References
Chapter-4
Preparation of Carbon Membranes
4.1 Precursor Selection
4.1.1 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
4.1.2 Polyimide and Derivatives
4.1.3 Phenolic Resin
4.1.4 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol
4.1.5 Recent Works on the CMSM Precursors
4.2 Polymeric Membrane Preparation
4.3 Pretreatment of Precursor
4.3.1 Oxidation Pretreatment
4.3.2 Chemical Treatment
4.3.3 Stretching
4.3.4 Other Pretreatment
4.4 Pyrolysis Process
4.5 Post Treatment
4.5.1 Post Oxidation
4.5.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition
4.5.3 Post Pyrolysis
4.5.4 Fouling Reduction
4.5.5 Coating
References
Chapter-5
Examples of CMSM Preparation, Characterization and Testing
5.1 Hollow Fiber CMSM Membrane from Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
5.1.1 Polymer Solution Preparation
5.1.2 Hollow Fiber Spinning Process
5.1.3 Solvent Exchange Drying Process
5.1.4 Pyrolysis System
5.1.5 Membrane Characterization
5.1.5.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
5.1.5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
5.1.5.3 Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)
5.1.5.4 Elemental Analysis
5.1.6 Gas Permeation Test
5.2 Flat Sheet CMSM
5.2.1 Precursor Membrane Formation
5.2.2 Pyrolysis of Flat Sheet CMSMs
5.2.3 Gas Permeation Experiment Preparation
5.2.4 Gas Permeation Experiment
References
Chapter-6
Membrane Characterization
6.1 Permeability Measurement
6.1.1 Liquid Permeability
6.2 Physical Characterization
6.2.1 Themogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
6.2.2 Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
6.2.3 Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR)
6.2.4 Adsorption and Sorption Experiments
6.2.5 Other Methods
References
Chapter-7
Membrane Module Constructions
7.1 Honey Comb Membrane Module by Blue Membranes GmbH
7.2 Capillary Type CMSM Developed By Haraya et al.
References
Chapter-8
Other Carbon-Based Membranes
8.1 Carbon Nanotubes Membrane
8.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulation
8.2.1 Micropore Transport
8.2.2 Knudsen Transport
8.2.3 Viscous Flow Transport
8.2.4 Discussion on the Gas Transport in the Carbon Nanotubes
8.2.5 Discussion on the Water Transport in the Carbon Nanotubes
8.3 Carbon Nanofiber Membranes
8.3.1 Membrane Preparation
8.3.2 Membrane Characterization
8.3.3 Adsorption Tests of Monchloroacetic Acid
8.3.4 Filtration Conditions and Rejection Measurements
8.3.5 Results and Discussion
8.3.6 Conclusions
8.4 Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs)
8.4.1 Membranes Filled with Activated Carbons or CMSs
8.4.2 Membranes Filled with Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
8.5 Other Inorganic Materials Blended in Precursors
References
Chapter-9
Applications of Carbon-Based Membranes for Separation Purposes
9.1 Application in Gas Separation and RO/NF/UF/MF
9.2 Vapor Separation
9.3 Pervaporation
9.4 Fuel Cell Application
9.5 Water Treatment
9.6 Membrane Reactor
9.7 Miscellaneous Applications
References
Chapter-10
Economic Evaluation
10.1 Recovery of Hydrogen from the Natural Gas Network
10.1.1 Introduction
10.1.1.1 Local Permeance and the Temperature Effect on the Permeability
10.1.1.2 NaturalHy Design Basis
10.1.1.3 Performance Data
10.1.1.4 Comparison of Membrane Performance with Commercial Polyimide Membrane
10.1.1.5 Carbon Membrane Module Cost
10.1.2 Methodology
10.1.2.1 Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization
10.1.3 Recovery from a Mixed Hydrogen-NG Network
10.1.3.1 Comparison with a Polyimide (PI) Membrane
10.2 Applications in Landfill Gas Energy Recovery
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.1.1 Membrane Development
10.2.2 Application
10.2.2.1 Internal Combustion Engine Power Generation
10.2.2.2 Upgrade Landfill Gas to Pipeline Quality
10.2.2.3 Landfill Gas Generation and Collection Efficiency
10.2.2.4 Carbon Molecular Sieve Membrane Performance
10.2.3 Economic Analysis of Applications
10.2.3.1 Internal Combustion Engine Power Generation
10.2.3.2 Injection into Pipeline
References
Chapter-11
Current Research and Future Direction
11.1 Inorganic Membranes and Carbon Membrane
11.2 Current Research and Future Direction of Carbon Membrane Development for Gas Separation
11.2.1 Advantages of the carbon membranes
11.2.2 Disadvantage of Carbon Membranes
11.2.3 Application of Carbon Membranes
11.2.3.1 Nitrogen Production from Air
11.2.3.2 Purification of Methane
11.2.3.3 Hydrogen Recovery
11.2.3.4 Light Alkenes/Alkanes
11.2.3.5 Olefins and Paraffins
11.2.3.6 Carbon Membrane Reactor
11.2.3.7 Optimization
11.2.4 Challenge in Carbon Membrane Development
11.2.5 Few Manufacturers
11.2.6 Improving Performance
11.2.7 Future Directions of Research and Development
11.2.7.1 Choice of Precursor and Optimization of Precursor Preparation Process
11.2.7.2 Optimization of Pyrolysis Process
11.2.7.3 Composite Precursor for Carbon Membranes
11.2.7.4 Polymer Blend Carbonization
11.2.7.5 Carbon Membrane Module Design
11.2.7.6 Fiber Stretching During Spinning or Pre-oxidation Process
11.2.7.7 Pre- and Post-treatment
11.2.7.8 Carbon Membrane Aging and its Regeneration
11.2.8 Chemical Vapor Deposition
11.2.9 Conclusions
References
Index
LinK
