كيمياء فيزيائية Nanotechnological Basis for Advanced Sensors

المصدر: Nanotechnological Basis for Advanced Sensors
في منتدى : قسم الكيمياء

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Nanotechnological Basis for Advanced Sensors
by
Johann Peter Reithmaier, Perica Paunovic, Wilhelm Kulisch, Cyril Popov, Plamen Petkov



Publisher
Springer; 1st Edition. edition
(April 25, 2011)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 9400709021
ISBN-13: 978-9400709027

Description
Bringing together experts from 15 countries, this book is based on the lectures and contributions of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on SNanotechnological Basis for Advanced Sensors held in Sozopol, Bulgaria, 30 May - 11 June, 2010. It gives a broad overview on this topic, and includes articles on: techniques for preparation and characterization of sensor materials; different types of nanoscaled materials for sensor applications, addressing both their structure (nanoparticles, nanocomposites, nanostructured films, etc.) and chemical nature (carbon-based, oxides, glasses, etc.); and on advanced sensors that exploit nanoscience and nanotechnology. In addition, the volume represents an interdisciplinary approach with authors coming from diverse fields such as physics, chemistry, engineering, materials science and biology. A particular strength of the book is its combination of longer papers, introducing the basic knowledge on a certain topic, and brief contributions highlighting special types of sensors and sensor materials.

Contents​

Contributors
Part I: Sensors and Nanotechnology
Chapter 1: Nanotechnology-Based Modern Sensors and Biosensors
Introduction
Sensors: Definitions, Principles and Properties
Human Senses
Sensors: Definition
Transduction Principles
Sensor Characteristics
Biosensors
Definitions
Sensing Principles
Recognition Elements and the Immobilization of Biomaterials
Requirements
Fields of Applications
Use of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials
Label-free Optical Biosensors
Evanescent Fields
Surface Plasmon Resonance
Further Types of Optical Biosensors
Electrochemical Biosensors
Types of Electrochemical Biosensors
Electrochemical Detection of DNA Hybridization
Lab-on-a-Chip
Integration and Miniaturization
Microfluidics
Summary
References
Part II: Techniques for the Preparation of Sensor Materials
Chapter 2: Nonlinear Optical Sensors on Metal Nanoparticles Synthesized by Ion Implantation
Introduction
Experimental Procedure
Fabrication of Metal Nanoparticles by Ion Implantation
Nonlinear Refraction of Metal Nanoparticles
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Laser Ablative Deposition of Polymer Films: A Promise for Sensor Fabrication
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Conclusions
IR Laser Irradiation of PVC
IR Laser Irradiation of P(VC/VAc)
IR Laser Irradiation of PVAc
IR Laser Irradiation of PVAc/Metal Composites
References
Chapter 4: Fabrication of Porous and Dense Ceramics from Transitional Nano-Alumina
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Modification of Nanosilica Surface by Methyl Methacrylate Silane Coupling Agents
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
References
Chapter 6: Microstructures Produced by Chemical Etching of Finely Scratched Silicon
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Multilayer Films and Capsules of Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose and Polyhexamethylenguanidine Hydrochloride
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
References
Chapter 8: Preparation and Characterization of TiO2-Based Photocatalysts by Chemical Vapour Deposition
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussions
Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Porous Mullite Ceramics for Advanced Sensors
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
Part III: Techniques for the Characterization of Sensor Materials
Chapter 10: Surface Analytical Characterization of Biosensor Materials
Introduction
Surface Analysis
XPS
TOF-SIMS
XPS and TOF-SIMS: Synergetic Effects
Example 1: Ta2O5 Films for Waveguides in Biosensors
Example 2: TiO2 Films for Applications in Biosensors
Example 3: Tic/A-C Nanocomposite Films for Biomedical Applications
Measurement Induced Artefacts
Preferential Sputtering
Sputter Induced Damage
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Nanovoids in Glasses and Polymers Probed by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy
Introduction
Experimental
Preparation of As2S3-Based Glasses
Polymer Preparation
As2S3-Polymer Nanocomposite Preparation
PALS Measurements
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Detection of Structural Units of Nanocrystalline Diamond Surfaces Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
Introduction
Raman Spectroscopy of NCD
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Summary
References
Part IV: Sensor Materials
Part IV.1: Carbon-Based Materials
Chapter 13: Production, Purification, Characterization, and Application of CNTs
Introduction
Carbon
Graphite
Diamond
Fullerenes
Carbon Nanotubes
Structure of CNTs
Properties of CNTs
Production Methods of CNTs
Arc Discharge
Laser Ablation
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Molten Salt Electrolysis
The Mechanisms of CNTs Formation by Molten Salt Electrolysis
Oxidation Mechanism
Intercalation Mechanism
Nano-Nozzle Mechanism
Kaptay Mechanism
Purification and Functionalization of CNTs
Application of CNTs
Production of CNTs by Electrolysis in Molten LiCl
SEM and TEM Analyses
Thermogravimetric Analysis
Raman Spectroscopy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Graphene: 2D-Building Block for Functional Nanocomposites
Introduction
Synthesis of Graphene
Liquid-Phase Production of Graphene
Approaches for the Preparation of Graphene-Polymer Composites
Graphene-Polyaniline Composites
Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 15: PCL/MWCNT Nanocomposites as Nanosensors
Introduction
Experiment
Results
Conclusions
References
Part IV.2: Oxide Materials
Chapter 16: Nanostructured ZnO Thin Films: Properties and Applications
Introduction
ZnO as a Transparent Conductive Material
ZnO for Gas Sensor Application
ZnO for Bio-Applications
References
Chapter 17: A Study of the Kinetics of the Electrochemical Deposition of Ce3+/Ce4+ Oxides
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Oxygen Reduction
Ce2O3 Deposition in Aerated Solutions
Ce Electrodeposition from Inert Solutions
Conclusions
References
Part IV.3: Chalcogenide Glasses
Chapter 18: Multicomponent Chalcogenide Glasses: Advanced Membrane Materials for Chemical Sensors and Nanosensors
Introduction
Experimental
Synthesis of Multicomponent ChGs
Chemical Sensor Design
Results and Discussions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Optical Properties of Thin Ge-Se-In Chalcogenide Films for Sensor Applications
Introduction
Experiment
Sample Preparation
Properties Examination
Results
Bulk Glasses Behavior
Characterisation of the Condensates
Kinetics of Evaporation and Condensation
Optical Parameters of the Films
Discussion
References
Chapter 20: Atomic Structure of (Ge0.2Se0.8)85B15 and (Ge0.2Se0.8)85In15 Glasses
Introduction
Experimental Details
Results and Discussion
Summary
References
Chapter 21: Surface Development of (As2S3)1-x (AgI)x Thin Films for Gas Sensor Applications
Introduction
Experimental Details
Results
Surface Morphology and Microhardness
Stress
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Chapter 22: Thin As-Se-Sb Films as Potential Medium for Optics and Sensor Application
Introduction
Experimental Details
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
Chapter 23: Structure of AgI-AsSe Glasses by Raman Scattering and Ab Initio Calculations
Introduction
Methods
Experimental Details
First Principles Calculation Details
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
Chapter 24: Optical Properties of As-Based Chalcogenide Glasses
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Summary
References
Chapter 25: IR Impurity Absorption in GeS2-In2S3-AgI Chalcohalide Glasses
Introduction
Experimental
Results
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: New Chalcohalide Glasses from the GeSe2-Ag2Se-AgI System for Nanostructured Sensors
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussions
Conclusion
References
Part IV.4: Further Glasses
Chapter 27: Thermally Induced Nanostructures in Samarium-Doped Glass Ceramics for X-Ray Sensor Applications
Introduction
Experimental Procedure
Results and Discussion
Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 28: Synthesis and Phase Composition of Fe/Mn Containing Nanocrystals in Glasses from the System Na2O/MnO/SiO2/Fe2O3
Introduction
Experimental
Preparation of the Glasses
Characterization Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
Part IV.5: Nanoparticles and Other Nanostructures
Chapter 29: Nanostructured Materials in Different Dimensions for Sensing Applications
Introduction
Experimental Procedures and Tools
Traditional Surface Studies
Electrochemical Processing
Impregnation Reactions to Form SiC
Experimental Procedures and Results
Ultra Thin Film Studies with Si Substrates
Layered Oxide/Nitride Structures on Si
Reaction Between Al and a Thin SiO2 Layer to Form Al-Oxide on Si
Growth of SiC on Si and Structural Changes by Oxidation and Heating Treatments
Nanostructured SiC Structures, Whiskers
Porous Alumina Films as Templates for Self-Organizing Au Nanoparticle Patterns
Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 30: Field Enhancement in Plasmonic Gold Nanostructures on Templates of Anodized Aluminum for Sensor Applications
Introduction
Fabrication of Al/Al2O3 Templates
Characterization of Various Gold Nanostructured Samples
References
Chapter 31: Growth of SiC Nano-Whiskers on Powdered SiC
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 32: Tin Oxide Whiskers: Antimony Effect on Structure, Electrophysical, Optical and Sensor Properties
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Properties of Whiskers Grown in Ar Atmosphere
Properties of Whiskers Grown in a Mixture of Ar and O2
Properties of Whiskers Doped with Antimony
Morphology
Composition
Structure
Electrical Properties
Optical Measurements
Gas Sensor Measurements
Conclusion
References
Chapter 33: Excimer Laser Preparation of SnO2 and SnO2/TiO2 Nanoparticles
Introduction
Experimental Part
Results and Discussion
Characterization of the Tin Dioxide Nanoparticles
Characterization of the Non-Stoichiometric Tin Oxides
Characterization of TiO2-Doped SnO2
Conclusions
References
Chapter 34: Polymer Choleristic Liquid Crystal Flakes as New Candidates for Display and Sensor Applications
Introduction
Materials and Experimental
Shaped PCLC Flakes
Electro-Optical PCLC Devices
Results and Discussions
References
Chapter 35: Properties of Vanadium Bronzes Synthesized by Different Methods
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
Part V: Sensors and Biosensors
Part V.1: Optical Sensors
Chapter 36: Semiconductor Lasers for Sensor Applications
Introduction and Brief Historical Synopsis
Fabrication of Semiconductor Lasers
Epitaxial Growth
Processing of Diode Lasers
Quantum Wells and Quantum Dots
Semiconductor Lasers for Sensor Applications
Diode Lasers for Gas Sensing
Generation and Amplification of THz Radiation by Diode Lasers
LIDAR
Conclusions
References
Chapter 37: Optical Characterization of Very Thin Films for Nanotechnological Basis of Sensors
Introduction
Model and Computational Procedures
Results and Discussion
Derivative Approach
Stochastic Approach
Direct Search Method
Conclusions
References
Part V.2: Gas Sensors
Chapter 38: Tellurium Thin Films in Sensor Technology
Introduction
Structure and Electronic States of Tellurium
Photoelectrical and Strain Sensitive Devices
Gas Sensitive Devices
NO2 Sensors
Effect of Substrate Microstructure and Film Thickness
Effect of Substrate Temperature and Annealing
Effect of Operating Temperature and Humidity
Cross-Sensitivity to Other Gases
NH3 Sensors
H2S Sensors
Sensing Other Gases
Sensing Mechanisms
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ammonia
Hydrogen Sulfide
Conclusions
References
Chapter 39: Yttrium Nanoparticle Hydrogen Gas Sensors
Introduction
Experimental Procedure
Fabrication of Yttrium Nanoparticles
Fabrication of Hydrogenated Yttrium Nanoparticles
References
Chapter 40: Conductive Gas Sensors Prepared Using PLD
Introduction
Laser Technology for Thin Film Synthesis
Conduction Type Gas Sensors
Principle
Experimental Results Using Laser Methods
Conclusion
References
Chapter 41: Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Hydrogen Prepared by PLD and Sol-Gel Chemistry
Introduction
Experimental
Synthesis of SnO2 Films
Synthesis of NiO Films
Characterization and Sensing Studies
Results and Discussion
SnO2 Films
Structural and Morphological Properties
Hydrogen Sensing
NiO Films
Structural and Morphological Properties
Hydrogen Sensing
Conclusions
References
Chapter 42: Acetone Sensing by Modified SnO2 Nanocrystalline Sensor Materials
Introduction
Experimental
Material Synthesis
XRD
TEM
Effective Surface Area Measurements
In-Situ Conductivity Measurements
Investigation of the Products of the Interaction between Sensor Materials and Acetone
Results and Discussion
XRD
Transition Electron Microscopy
Sensor Property Measurements
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Study
Conclusions
References
Chapter 43: Gas Sensor Based on Chalcohalide AgI-Containing Glasses
Introduction
Experimental Details
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
Chapter 44: Photocatalytic Oxidation of Toluene on Modified TiO2 Nanoparticles
Introduction
Experimental
Materials
Characterization
Reactions
Results and Discussion
Characterisation
Photocatalytic Performance
References
Chapter 45: Impedance Spectroscopy of Tellurium Thin Films Sensitive to NO2
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Impedance Behavior Under Dry Air
Impedance Behavior in a Mixture of Dry Air with NO2
Conclusions
References
Chapter 46: Piezoelectric Crystal Sensor for Ammonia Detection
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Part V.3: Biosensors
Chapter 47: Nanocrystalline Diamond Films for Biosensor Applications
Diamond is an Outstanding Material!
Synthesis of Diamond and Deposition of Diamond Films
Bulk and Surface Properties of As-Grown UNCD/A-C Films
Surface Modification and Functionalization of UNCD/A-C Films
Interactions with Proteins
Sensors Based on NCD and UNCD Films
Summary
References
Chapter 48: Surface Functionalization of Plasma Treated Ultrananocrystalline Diamond/Amorphous Carbon Composite Films
Introduction
Experimental
Deposition and Modification of UNCD/a-C Films
Characterization Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
Chapter 49: Electrochemical Response of Biomolecules on Carbon Substrates: Comparison between Oxidized HOPG and O-Terminated Boron-Doped CVD Diamond
Introduction
Experimental and Methods
Results and Discussion
Electrode Preparation and Initial Characterization
Electrochemical Oxidation of HOPG
Oxygen-Termination of Diamond and XPS Analysis
Adsorption of Proteins on Carbon Electrodes
Electrochemical Characterization of HOPG and Diamond Electrodes
Initial Oxidized Electrodes
Ferrocene-Modified Papain on HOPG and Diamond
Azurin on HOPG and Diamond
Conclusions
References
Chapter 50: Impact of Nanotopography and/or Functional Groups on Periodontal Ligament Cell Growth
Introduction
Experimental Section
NWPF Discs
Cold Plasma Treatment Using Vacuum Environment
Characterization Studies
PDL Cell Culture
Results and Discussion
Plasma Treatment
PDL Cell Cultivation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 51: Effect of ZnO Nanostructured Thin Films on Pseudomonas Putida Cell Division
Introduction
Experimental
Preparation of ZnO Nanostructured Thin Films
Toxicity Test With Bacteria
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
Chapter 52: Comparison of Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Anatase Prepared by the Sol-Gel Technique and Chemical Vapour Deposition on Naphthalene in the Gas Phase
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussions
Conclusions
References
Part V.4: Special Sensors
Chapter 53: Nanocomposite Sensors for Food Packaging
Introduction
iPP/CaCO3 Nanocomposites for Food Packaging
PCL/ SiO2 Nanocomposites for Food Packaging
References
Chapter 54: Nanotechnologies and Nanosensors: Future Applications for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage
Introduction
Sensors and Nanosensors for Cultural Heritage
Nanomaterials for Stone Conservation
Conclusions
References
Chapter 55: Towards In Situ-Process Control in Tribological or Tool Applications: A Material Concept for the Design of Smart Thin Film Wear Sensors
Introduction
Cemented Carbides
Cemented Carbide Based Tool Systems
Protective Coatings for Cemented Carbide Inserts
Tools with Integrated Sensors Based on Micro System Technology
Tough Protective Coatings with Intrinsic Remote Requested Sensor Functionality
Specific Material Selection and Innovative Coating Design
Experimental Details
Constitution
Mechanical Properties
Magnetic Properties
Summary
Outlook
References
Part V.5: Actuators
Chapter 56: Recent Developments and Challenges in Shape Memory Technology
Introduction
Medical Applications
Actuator Developments
Conclusions
References
Chapter 57: Micromachined Tunable Fabry-Pérot Filter Integrated into a Miniaturized Spectrometer for Low-Cost Applications
Introduction
Results
Outlook
References
Part VI: Energy Economy Aspects
Chapter 58: Hydrogen Economy: The Role of Nano-scaled Support Material for Electrocatalysts Aimed for Water Electrolysis
Introduction
Electrocatalytic Activity of Electrode Materials
Catalytic Activity of Transition Metals for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
The Pathways for Improvement of the Electrocatalytic Activity
The Role of Support Material on Catalytic Activity
Vulcan XC-72
Carbon Nanotubes
Non-stoichiometric Oxides of Titania
Conclusion
References
Chapter 59: Materials for Photovoltaic Applications
Introduction
Solar Spectrum
Materials for Solar Cell Applications
Potential of Solar Cells and Modules
References
Index
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