كيمياء حيوية السلام عليكم برجاء الحصول علي كتاب كيمياء حيوي يحتوي علي اقسام خاصه ب

الموضوع في 'قسم الكيمياء' بواسطة mai gohar, بتاريخ ‏مارس 8, 2011.

  1. mai gohar

    mai gohar Member

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  2. wael2010

    wael2010 Active Member

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    Liver function tests

    اتمنى ان تستفيد من الموضوع والمرفق التالي
    Liver function tests

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Jump to: ,
    Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs), which include liver enzymes, are groups of laboratory blood designed to give information about the state of a patient's . Most cause only mild symptoms initially, but it is vital that these diseases be detected early. Hepatic (liver) involvement in some diseases can be of crucial importance. This testing is performed by a on a patient's serum or sample obtained by . Some tests are associated with functionality (e.g., albumin); some with cellular integrity (e.g., ) and some with conditions linked to the biliary tract ( and ). Several biochemical tests are useful in the evaluation and management of patients with hepatic dysfunction. These tests can be used to (1) detect the presence of liver disease, (2) distinguish among different types of liver disorders, (3) gauge the extent of known liver damage, and (4) follow the response to treatment. Some or all of these measurements are also carried out (usually about twice a year for routine cases) on those individuals taking certain medications- anticonvulsants are a notable example- in order to ensure that the medications are not damaging the person's liver.
    Contents

    []
    Standard liver panel

    [​IMG]
    This section is missing or needs . Please help add to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (November 2008)Albumin (Alb)

    3.5 to 5.0 g/dL is a protein made specifically by the liver, and can be measured cheaply and easily. It is the main constituent of total protein; the remaining fraction is called globulin (including the immunoglobulins). Albumin levels are decreased in chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis. It is also decreased in nephrotic syndrome, where it is lost through the urine. Poor nutrition or states of protein catabolism may also lead to hypoalbuminaemia. The half-life of albumin is approximately 20 days. Albumin is not considered to be an especially useful marker of liver synthetic function; coagulation factors (see below) are much more sensitive
    Alanine transaminase (ALT)

    Reference range9 to 40 IU/L (ALT), also called Serum Glutamic Pyruvate (SGPT) or Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) is an present in (liver cells). When a cell is damaged, it leaks this enzyme into the blood, where it is measured. ALT rises dramatically in acute liver damage, such as or . Elevations are often measured in multiples of the upper limit of normal (ULN).
    Aspartate transaminase (AST)

    Reference range10 to 35 IU/L (AST) also called Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) or aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) is similar to ALT in that it is another enzyme associated with liver . It is raised in acute liver damage, but is also present in red blood cells, and cardiac and skeletal muscle and is therefore not specific to the liver. The is sometimes useful in differentiating between causes of liver damage. Elevated AST levels are not specific for liver damage, and AST has also been used as a .
    Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

    Reference range30 to 120 IU/L (ALP) is an enzyme in the cells lining the of the liver. ALP levels in plasma will rise with large bile duct obstruction, intrahepatic or infiltrative diseases of the liver. ALP is also present in and tissue, so it is higher in growing children (as their bones are being remodelled) and elderly patients with .
    Total bilirubin (TBIL)

    Reference range0.2–1.2 mg/dL is a breakdown product of (a part of in red blood cells). The liver is responsible for clearing the blood of bilirubin. It does this by the following mechanism: bilirubin is taken up into , conjugated (modified to make it water-soluble), and secreted into the , which is excreted into the intestine.
    Increased total bilirubin causes , and can signal a number of problems:
    • 1. Prehepatic: Increased bilirubin production. This can be due to a number of causes, including hemolytic anemias and internal hemorrhage.
    • 2. Hepatic: Problems with the liver, which are reflected as deficiencies in bilirubin metabolism (e.g. reduced hepatocyte uptake, impaired conjugation of bilirubin, and reduced hepatocyte secretion of bilirubin). Some examples would be cirrhosis and viral hepatitis.
    • 3. Posthepatic: Obstruction of the bile ducts, reflected as deficiencies in bilirubin excretion. (Obstruction can be located either within the liver or in the .
    Direct bilirubin (Conjugated Bilirubin)

    Reference range0–2.3 mg/dLThe diagnosis is narrowed down further by looking at the levels of direct bilirubin.
    • If direct (i.e. conjugated) bilirubin is normal, then the problem is an excess of unconjugated bilirubin, and the location of the problem is upstream of bilirubin excretion. Hemolysis, viral hepatitis, or cirrhosis can be suspected.
    • If direct bilirubin is elevated, then the liver is conjugating bilirubin normally, but is not able to excrete it. obstruction by gallstones or cancer should be suspected.
    Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)

    Reference range0 to 42 IU/LAlthough reasonably specific to the liver and a more sensitive marker for cholestatic damage than ALP, (GGT) may be elevated with even minor, sub-clinical levels of liver dysfunction. It can also be helpful in identifying the cause of an isolated elevation in ALP. (GGT is raised in chronic alcohol toxicity).
    Other tests commonly requested alongside LFTs

    /:=140=100=20/=150=4=22=1.0\:=24a=40a=95=7.40:A=36A=105=10OTHER:=9.5=2.0=1=55=−0.36=16/: = 300=295=5=20:=80=100=5=0.95=25=1.01=60=800//LIVER FUNCTION TESTS:=100=7.6=25=0.7=71=4.0=40=0.5=0.6=0.2=3.0=1.0=60:=30=60=7.5=0.45' nucleotidase (5'NTD)

    5' is another test specific for cholestasis or damage to the intra or extrahepatic biliary system, and in some laboratories, is used as a substitute for GGT for ascertaining whether an elevated ALP is of biliary or extra-biliary origin.
    Coagulation test (e.g. INR)

    The liver is responsible for the production of factors. The (INR) measures the speed of a particular pathway of coagulation, comparing it to normal. If the INR is increased, it means it is taking longer than usual for blood to clot. The INR will only be increased if the liver is so damaged that synthesis of -dependent coagulation factors has been impaired: it is not a sensitive measure of liver function.
    It is very important to normalize the INR before operating on people with liver problems (usually by transfusion with blood plasma containing the deficient factors) as they could bleed excessively.
    Serum (BG, Glu)

    The liver's ability to produce glucose () is usually the last function to be lost in the setting of fulminant liver failure.
    Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

    is an enzyme found in many body tissues, including the liver. Elevated levels of LDH may indicate liver damage.
    See also

    • and liver diseases.
    References

    • ^ []
    • Nyblom H, Berggren U, Balldin J, Olsson R (2004). . Alcohol Alcohol. 39 (4): 336–9. :. . .
    • Nyblom H, Björnsson E, Simrén M, Aldenborg F, Almer S, Olsson R (September 2006). . Liver Int. 26 (7): 840–5. :.
     
  3. chemistry

    chemistry مستشار كلية العلوم النهرالخالد إداري

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  4. amina2395

    amina2395 New Member

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    ارجوكم ساعدوني في ايجاد كتابين للكاتب سامي المظفر الاول كيمياء البروتينات والثاني الهندسة البروتينية
     

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