المصدر: Helper: سلسلة البرامج الكيمياوية البرنامج الاول Chemical Equation في منتدى : قسم الكيمياء Ikhwan Al Muslimeen, I can give help in chemistry. Insha Allah, if you ask me questions all the way to Phd level I can answer your questions or will try to find an answer. On the balancing of chemical equation, dont use any software. It will cripple your mind. All you need to do is: 1) learn valencies to get correct formulae. it is the same as the periodic table except for multiple valencies. 2) learn to write the electronic configuration, just memorize or understand 1s2 2s2 2p6 ... to understand the origin of multiple valencies 3) for balancing eqution you can use some info from oxidation numbers changes Or your last method is just make simulataneous equations: Cu + HNO3 ----> Cu(NO3)_2 + NO2 + H2O x Cu + y HNO3 ----> x Cu(NO3)_2 + z NO2 + y/2 H2O x is written with Cu on RHS with the salt because there is only one. y is written with water and halved on RHS because there is only one. This way we simplify our work So we already used Cu and H to do our math. Now we must use other elements and not these again because they wont give any new info to us. on the basis of N we see that y = 2x + z on the basis of O we see that 3y = 6x + 2z + y/2 Now you can assume x=1 because it is the ratio that matters, and you can remove fractions later by multiplying with the LCM of the denominators. If you solve this equation you get: x=1 (assumed) y=4 z=2 The above method is GUARANTEED TO ALWAYS WORK. Method 2 (based on oxidation states) The above method is pure Algebr-o-Muqabila or counting. This method is based on chemistry. Remember what is oxidation and reduction. Oxidation is the process of electron loss. (O in oxidation and O in loss) Reduction is the process of electron gain. If you have chemical intuition, you know the meaning of this equation. Copper is being oxidised and nitric acid is being reduced. Now, H, O are not changing any valency and dont have multiple valencies and are not being oxidised or reduced. The only two elements which are going oxidation and reduction are Cu and N. So focus on their atoms and see where the oxidation and reduction is taking place. Remeber Cu gives electrons and the same number of electrons are taking by some atoms of N. That N atom is in NO2 only. and is going from oxidation state of +5 to +4 So one Cu means two NO2 by ratio due to electron transfer balance. therefore x=1 and z=2. This means that nitrate group must be equal on both sides so that y=4 And finally, the count for water is very simple. This is the PREFERRED method, to SHARPEN your mind about chemistry. Allah Bless you and all of us in this Ramadan and Layla Tul Qadr. Ibne Khaldun Please if you have a question, explain clearly in English. I can answer questions on Math Physics Chemistry Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering Electrical Engineering Quantum Mechanics Semiconductor Physics I dont charge any money. I am not commercial at all. This is pure voluntary service. Ana Taaruf Arabi Shoya Shoya. Help: Brother any program for my to learn to type Arabic using english keypad? Shukran
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته جزاك الله خيراً أخى ibnekhaldun ممكن نتعرف عليك أكتر؟ أخوك وليد - مصر
