Mere Thermodynamics

المصدر: Mere Thermodynamics
في منتدى : قسم الفيزياء

Mere Thermodynamics
Don S. Lemons
English | 2008 | ISBN: 0801890152 | 222 Pages | PDF | 1 MB

Presenting classical thermodynamics as a concise and discrete whole, Mere Thermodynamics is a perfect tool for teaching a notoriously difficult subject. Accomplished teacher Don S. Lemons introduces the physical theory's concepts and methods and uses them to solve problems from a broad range of physics. He illustrates, at a gentle pace, not only the fundamentals of the subject but also advanced topics such as the relationship between the second law of thermodynamics and entropy. He highlights the intellectual structure and history of the discipline and explores the logical consequences of each of the famous three laws. Lemons explains and develops the first two laws and their corollaries, the methods and applications of thermodynamics, and the third law, as well as non-fluid variables, equilibrium and stability, and two-phase systems. The book features end-of-chapter practice problems, an appendix of worked problems, a glossary of terms, and an annotated bibliography.




Contents

1. Defi nitions 1
1.1. Thermodynamics 1
1.2. System 1
1.3. Boundary, Environment, and Interactions 2
1.4. States and State Variables 2
1.5. Equations of State 3
1.6. Work 3
1.7. Heat 5
Problems 6
2. Equilibrium 8
2.1. Equilibrium 8
2.2. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 9
2.3. Empirical Temperature 10
2.4. Traditional Temperature Scales 11
2.5. Equilibrium Processes 12
Problems 13
3. Heat 14
3.1. Quantifying Heat 14
3.2. Calorimetry 15
3.3. What is Heat? 17
Problems 18
4. The First Law 19
4.1. Count Rumford 19
4.2. Joule’s Experiments 21
4.3. The First Law of Thermodynamics 22
4.4. Thermodynamic Cycles 23
4.5. Cycle Adjustment 26
Problems 27
5. The Second Law 30
5.1. Sadi Carnot 30
5.2. Statements of the Second Law 31
5.3. Equivalence and Inequivalence 34
5.4. Reversible Heat Engines 38
5.5. Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 42
Problems 43
6. The First and Second Laws 45
6.1. Rudolph Clausius 45
6.2. Thermodynamic Temperature 46
6.3. Clausius’s Theorem 50
Problems 54
7. Entropy 57
7.1. The Meaning of Reversibility 57
7.2. Entropy 58
7.3. Entropy Generation in Irreversible Processes 61
7.4. The Entropy Generator 62
7.5. Entropy Corollaries 64
7.6. Thermodynamic Arrow of Time 68
Problems 70
8. Fluid Variables 73
8.1. What Is a Fluid? 73
8.2. Reversible Work 75
8.3. Fundamental Constraint 77
8.4. Enthalpy 79
8.5. Helmholtz and Gibbs Free Energies 82
8.6. Partial Derivative Rules 83
8.7. Thermodynamic Coeffi cients 86
8.8. Heat Capacities 87
Problems 88
9. Simple Fluid Systems 94
9.1. The Ideal Gas 94
9.2. Room- Temperature Elastic Solid 98
9.3. Cavity Radiation 101
Problems 104
10. Nonfl uid Systems 110
10.1. Nonfl uid Variables 110
10.2. The Theoretician’s Rubber Band 111
10.3. Paramagnetism 113
10.4. Surfaces 116
10.5. Chemical Potential 120
10.6. Multivariate Systems 125
Problems 126
11. Equilibrium and Stability 129
11.1. Mechanical and Thermal Systems 129
11.2. Principle of Maximum Entropy 131
11.3. Other Stability Criteria 134
11.4. Intrinsic Stability of a Fluid 138
Problems 140
12. Two- Phase Systems 142
12.1. Phase Diagrams 142
12.2. Van der Waals Equation of State 146
12.3. Two- Phase Transition 149
12.4. Maxwell Construction 153
12.5. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation 155
12.6. Critical Point 160
Problems 161
13. The Third Law 164
13.1. The Principle of Thomsen and Berthelot 164
13.2. Entropy Change 165
13.3. Unattainability 167
13.4. Absolute Entropy 171
Problem 173

Appendixes
A: Physical Constants and Standard Defi nitions 175
B: Catalog of 21 Simple Cycles 176
C: Glossary of Terms 181
D: Selected Worked Problems 184
E: Answers to Problems 194