بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Thermal Separation Technology: Principles, Methods, Process Design
by
Alfons Mersmann, Matthias Kind, Johann Stichlmair
Product details
Hardcover: 694 pages
Publisher: Springer; 1st Edition. edition
(28 July 2011)
Language English
BooK description
Thermal Separation Technology is a key discipline for many industries and lays the engineering foundations for the sustainable and economic production of high-quality materials. This book provides fundamental knowledge on this field and may be used both in university teaching and in industrial research and development. Furthermore, it is intended to support professional engineers in their daily efforts to improve plant efficiency and reliability. Previous German editions of this book have gained widespread recognition. This first English edition will now make its content available to the international community of students and professionals. In the first chapters of the book the fundamentals of thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer, and multiphase flow are addressed. Further chapters examine in depth the different unit operations distillation and absorption, extraction, evaporation and condensation, crystallization, adsorption and chromatography, and drying, while the closing chapter provides valuable guidelines for a conceptual process development.
Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Contributions of Chemical Engineering to the Carbon Dioxide Problem
2. Thermodynamic Phase Equilibrium
2.1 Liquid/Gas Systems
2.1.1 Characteristics of Pure Substances
2.1.1.1 Vapor pressure
2.1.1.2 Vapor Pressure at Strongly Curved Liquid Surfaces
2.1.2 Behavior of Binary Mixtures
2.1.2.1 Vapor Pressure of Dilute Binary Solutions
2.1.2.2 Freezing Point Depression
2.1.2.3 Raoult’s Law
2.1.2.4 Henry’s Law
2.1.3 Behavior of Ideal Mixtures
2.1.4 Real Behavior of Liquid Mixtures
2.1.4.1 The Gibbs–Duhem Equation
2.1.4.2 Heat of Phase Transition, Mixing, Chemical Bonding
2.1.4.3 Excess Quantities
2.1.4.4 Activity and Activity Coefficient
2.1.4.5 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient, Equilibrium Constant
2.2 Liquid/Liquid Systems
2.3 Solid/Liquid Systems
2.4 Sorption Equilibria
2.4.1 Single Component Sorption
2.4.2 Heat of Adsorption and Bonding
2.4.3 Multicomponent Adsorption
2.4.4 Calculation of Single Component Adsorption Equilibria
2.4.5 Prediction of Multicomponent Adsorption Equilibria
2.4.5.1 Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory
2.4.5.2 Simplified Version of the Equations
2.4.5.3 Prediction of Binary Activity Coefficients
2.4.5.4 Multiphase Theory of Ideal Adsorbed Solution
2.4.5.5 Theories of the Real Heterogeneous Adsorbed Solution
2.5 Enthalpy–Concentration Diagram
Symbols
Greek symbols
Indices
Dimensionless numbers
3. Fundamentals of Single-Phase and Multiphase Flow
3.1 Basic Laws of Single-Phase Flow
3.1.1 Laws of Mass Conservation and Continuity
3.1.2 Irrotational and Rotational Flow
3.1.3 The Viscous Fluid
3.1.4 Navier–Stokes, Euler, and Bernoulli Equations
3.1.5 Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Ducts
3.1.6 Turbulence
3.1.7 Molecular Flow
3.1.8 Falling Film on a Vertical Wall
3.2 Countercurrent Flow of a Gas and a Liquid in a Circular Vertical Tube
3.3 Similarity Hypothesis, Dimensional Analysis, and Dimensionless Numbers
3.4 Particulate Systems
3.5 Flow in Fixed Beds
3.6 Disperse Systems in a Gravity Field
3.6.1 The Final Rising or Falling Velocity of Single Particles
3.6.2 Volumetric Holdup (Fluidized Beds, Spray, Bubble and Drop Columns)
3.7 Flow in Stirred Vessels
3.7.1 Macro-, Meso-, and Micromixing
3.7.2 Suspending, Tendency of Settling
3.7.3 Breakup of Gases and Liquids (Bubbles and Drops)
3.7.4 Gas–Liquid Systems in Stirred Vessels
Symbols
Greek symbols
Indices
Dimensionless numbers
4. Balances, Kinetics of Heat and Mass Transfer
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Balances
4.2.1 Basics
4.2.2 Balancing Exercises of Processes Without Kinetic Phenomena
4.2.2.1 Exercise: Filling a Tank
4.2.2.2 Exercise: Tank with Outlet
4.2.2.3 Exercise: Temperature Evolution in an Agitated Tank
4.2.2.4 Exercise: Isothermal Evaporation of Water
4.2.2.5 Exercise: Balancing a Crystallization Facility
4.3 Heat and Mass Transfer
4.3.1 Kinetics
4.3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients
4.3.2.1 Heat and Mass Transfer at Forced Convection
4.3.2.2 Heat and Mass Transfer in Particulate Systems
4.3.2.3 Heat and Mass Transfer at Natural Convection
4.3.2.4 Heat Transfer in Fluidized Systems
4.3.2.5 Unsteady Heat and Mass Transfer
4.3.2.6 Heat Transfer at Condensing Steams
4.3.2.7 Heat Transfer at Evaporation of Pure Fluids
4.3.3 Balancing Exercises of Processes with Kinetic Phenomena
4.3.3.1 Exercise: Stirred Tank Heated with Condensing Steam
4.3.3.2 Exercise: Cooling of a Stirred Tank with Cooling Water
4.3.3.3 Exercise: Transient Mass Transport in Spheres
4.3.3.4 Exercise: Isothermal Evaporation of a Binary Mixture
4.3.3.5 Example: Balancing a Shell and Tube Heat exchanger
5. Distillation, Rectification, and Absorption
5.1 Distillation
5.1.1 Fundamentals
5.1.1.1 Modes of Operation
5.1.1.2 Phase Equilibrium
5.1.1.3 Boiling Point, Dew Point
5.1.2 Continuous Closed Distillation
5.1.2.1 Binary mixtures
5.1.2.2 Multicomponent Mixtures
5.1.2.3 Flash Distillation
5.1.3 Discontinuous Open Distillation (Batch Distillation)
5.1.3.1 Binary Mixtures
5.1.3.2 Batch Distillation of Ternary Mixtures
5.2 Rectification
5.2.1 Fundamentals
5.2.1.1 Concept of Equilibrium Stages
5.2.1.2 Concept of Transfer Units
5.2.1.3 Comparison of Both Concepts
5.2.2 Continuous Rectification
5.2.2.1 Binary mixtures
5.2.2.2 Rectification of Ternary Mixtures
5.2.2.3 Rectification of Multicomponent Mixtures
5.2.2.4 Reactive Distillation
5.2.3 Batch Distillation (Multistage)
5.2.3.1 Binary Mixtures
5.2.3.2 Ternary Mixtures
5.2.3.3 Reactive Systems
5.3 Absorption and Desorption
5.3.1 Phase Equilibrium
5.3.2 Physical Absorption
5.3.2.1 Minimum Demand of Solvent
5.3.2.2 Minimum Demand of Stripping Gas
5.3.2.3 Number of Equilibrium Stages
5.3.2.4 Comparison Between Distillation and Absorption
5.3.3 Chemical Absorption
5.3.3.1 Minimum Demand of Solvent of Chemical Absorption
5.4 Dimensioning of Mass Transfer Columns
5.4.1 Tray Columns
5.4.1.1 Design Principles
5.4.1.2 Operation Region of Tray Columns
5.4.1.3 Two-Phase Flow on Trays
5.4.1.4 Mass Transfer in the Two-Phase Layer
5.4.2 Packed Columns
5.4.2.1 Design Principles
5.4.2.2 Operation Region of Packed Columns
5.4.2.3 Two-Phase Flow in Packed Columns
5.4.2.4 Mass Transfer in Packed Columns
Symbols
Greek Symbols
6. Extraction
6.1 Phase Equilibrium
6.1.1 Selection of Solvent
6.2 Thermodynamic Description of Extraction
6.2.1 Single Stage Extraction
6.2.2 Multistage Crossflow Extraction
6.2.3 Multiple Stage Countercurrent Extraction
6.3 Equipment
6.3.1 Equipment for Solvent Extraction
6.3.1.1 Static Columns
6.3.1.2 Pulsed Columns
6.3.1.3 Agitated Extractors
6.3.1.4 Comparison of the Performance
6.3.2 Selection of the Dispersed Phase
6.3.3 Decantation (Phase Splitting)
6.4 Dimensioning of Solvent Extractors
6.4.1 Two-Phase Flow
6.4.2 Mass Transfer
6.4.2.1 Overall Transfer Coefficient
6.4.2.2 Interfacial Area
6.4.2.3 Driving Concentration Difference
Symbols
Greek Symbols
Dimensionless Numbers
7. Evaporation and Condensation
7.1 Evaporators
7.2 Multiple Effect Evaporation
7.3 Condensers
7.4 Design of Evaporators and Condensers
7.5 Thermocompression
7.6 Evaporation Processes
Symbols
Greek Symbols
Indices
8. Crystallization
8.1 Fundamentals and Equilibrium
8.1.1 Fundamentals
8.1.2 Equilibrium
8.2 Crystallization Processes and Devices
8.2.1 Cooling Crystallization
8.2.2 Evaporative Crystallization
8.2.3 Vacuum Crystallization
8.2.4 Drowning-Out and Reactive Crystallization
8.2.5 Crystallization Devices
8.2.5.1 Crystallization from Solution
8.2.5.2 Crystallization from Melts
8.3 Balances
8.3.1 Mass Balance of the Continuously Operated Crystallizer
8.3.2 Mass Balance of the Batch Crystallizer
8.3.3 Energy Balance of the Continuously Operated Crystallizer
8.3.4 Population Balance
8.4 Crystallization Kinetics
8.4.1 Nucleation and Metastable Zone
8.4.1.1 Activated Nucleation
8.4.1.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation
8.4.1.3 Attrition-Controlled Nucleation
8.4.2 Crystal Growth
8.4.2.1 Growth Controlled by Diffusion
8.4.2.2 Growth Controlled by Integration
8.4.2.3 Growth Controlled by Diffusion and Integration
8.4.3 Aggregation and Agglomeration
8.4.3.1 Forces Between Particles
8.4.4 Nucleation and Crystal Growth in MSMPR Crystallizers
8.5 Design of Crystallizers
Symbols
Greek Symbols
Indices
9. Adsorption, Chromatography, Ion Exchange
9.1 Industrial Adsorbents
9.2 Adsorbers
9.3 Sorption Equilibria
9.4 Single and Multistage Adsorber
9.4.1 Single Stage
9.4.2 Crossflow of Stages
9.4.3 Countercurrent Flow
9.5 Adsorption Kinetics
9.5.1 Simplified Models of Fixed Beds
9.5.1.1 The LDF model
9.5.1.2 Rosen model
9.5.1.3 General Approach
9.5.2 Simplified Solution for a Single Pellet
9.5.3 Transport Coefficients
9.5.3.1 Axial Dispersion Coefficient Dax
9.5.3.2 Mass Transfer Coefficient Particle / Fluid
9.5.3.3 Diffusion in the Macropores and Tortuosity Factor
9.5.3.4 Tortuosity Factor
9.5.3.5 Surface Diffusion Coefficient
9.5.3.6 Micropore Diffusion Coefficient
9.5.4 The Adiabatic Fixed Bed Absorber
9.6 Regeneration of Adsorbents
9.7 Adsorption Processes
9.8 Chromatography
9.8.1 Equilibria
9.8.2 Theoretical Model of the Number N of Stages
9.8.3 Chromatography Processes
9.8.4 Industrial processes
9.9 Ion Exchange
9.9.1 Capacity and Equilibrium
9.9.2 Kinetics and Breakthrough
9.9.3 Operation Modes
9.9.4 Industrial Application
Symbols
Greek symbols
Indices
10. Drying
10.1 Types of Dryers
10.2 Drying Goods and Desiccants
10.2.1 Drying Goods
10.2.2 Desiccants
10.2.3 Drying by Radiation
10.3 The Single-Stage Apparatus in the Enthalpy–Concentration Diagram for Humid Air
10.4 Multistage Dryer
10.5 Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer
10.6 Drying Periods
10.6.1 Constant Rate Period (I. Drying Period)
10.6.2 Critical Moisture Content
10.6.3 Falling Rate Period (II. Drying Period)
10.7 Some Further Drying Processes
Symbols
Greek symbols
Indices
11. Conceptual Process Design
11.1 Processes for Separating Binary Mixtures
11.1.1 Concentration of Sulfuric Acid
11.1.2 Removal of Ammonia from Wastewater
11.1.3 Removal of Hydrogen Chloride from Inert Gases
11.1.4 Air separation
11.2 Processes for Separating Zeotropic Multicomponent Mixtures
11.2.1 Basic Processes for Fractionating Ternary Mixtures
11.2.1.1 a-Path
11.2.1.2 c-Path
11.2.1.3 a/c-Path
11.2.1.4 Direct Column Coupling
11.2.2 Processes with Side Columns
11.2.2.1 a-Path with Side Column
11.2.2.2 c-Path with Side Column
11.2.2.3 a/c-Path with Side Column
11.2.2.4 Divided Wall Columns
11.2.3 Processes with Indirect (Thermal) Column Coupling
11.2.3.1 Multistage Flash Process
11.2.3.2 Thermal Coupling of Columns
11.2.3.3 Pinch Technology
11.3 Processes for Separating Azeotropic Mixtures
11.3.1 Fractionation of Mixtures with Heteroazeotropes
11.3.2 Pressure Swing Distillation
11.3.3 Processes with Entrainer
11.3.3.1 Criteria for Entrainer Selection
1 .3.3.2 Process Simplification
11.4 Hybrid Processes
11.4.1 Azeotropic Distillation
11.4.2 Extractive Distillation
11.4.3 Processes Combining Distillation and Extraction
11.4.4 Processes Combining Distillation with Desorption
11.4.5 Processes Combining Distillation with Adsorption
11.4.6 Processes Combining Distillation with Permeation
11.5 Reactive Distillation
Symbols
Greek Symbol
References
Index
LinK
http://ifile.it/6a15sn
Thermal Separation Technology: Principles, Methods, Process Design
by
Alfons Mersmann, Matthias Kind, Johann Stichlmair
Product details
Hardcover: 694 pages
Publisher: Springer; 1st Edition. edition
(28 July 2011)
Language English
BooK description
Thermal Separation Technology is a key discipline for many industries and lays the engineering foundations for the sustainable and economic production of high-quality materials. This book provides fundamental knowledge on this field and may be used both in university teaching and in industrial research and development. Furthermore, it is intended to support professional engineers in their daily efforts to improve plant efficiency and reliability. Previous German editions of this book have gained widespread recognition. This first English edition will now make its content available to the international community of students and professionals. In the first chapters of the book the fundamentals of thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer, and multiphase flow are addressed. Further chapters examine in depth the different unit operations distillation and absorption, extraction, evaporation and condensation, crystallization, adsorption and chromatography, and drying, while the closing chapter provides valuable guidelines for a conceptual process development.
Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Contributions of Chemical Engineering to the Carbon Dioxide Problem
2. Thermodynamic Phase Equilibrium
2.1 Liquid/Gas Systems
2.1.1 Characteristics of Pure Substances
2.1.1.1 Vapor pressure
2.1.1.2 Vapor Pressure at Strongly Curved Liquid Surfaces
2.1.2 Behavior of Binary Mixtures
2.1.2.1 Vapor Pressure of Dilute Binary Solutions
2.1.2.2 Freezing Point Depression
2.1.2.3 Raoult’s Law
2.1.2.4 Henry’s Law
2.1.3 Behavior of Ideal Mixtures
2.1.4 Real Behavior of Liquid Mixtures
2.1.4.1 The Gibbs–Duhem Equation
2.1.4.2 Heat of Phase Transition, Mixing, Chemical Bonding
2.1.4.3 Excess Quantities
2.1.4.4 Activity and Activity Coefficient
2.1.4.5 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient, Equilibrium Constant
2.2 Liquid/Liquid Systems
2.3 Solid/Liquid Systems
2.4 Sorption Equilibria
2.4.1 Single Component Sorption
2.4.2 Heat of Adsorption and Bonding
2.4.3 Multicomponent Adsorption
2.4.4 Calculation of Single Component Adsorption Equilibria
2.4.5 Prediction of Multicomponent Adsorption Equilibria
2.4.5.1 Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory
2.4.5.2 Simplified Version of the Equations
2.4.5.3 Prediction of Binary Activity Coefficients
2.4.5.4 Multiphase Theory of Ideal Adsorbed Solution
2.4.5.5 Theories of the Real Heterogeneous Adsorbed Solution
2.5 Enthalpy–Concentration Diagram
Symbols
Greek symbols
Indices
Dimensionless numbers
3. Fundamentals of Single-Phase and Multiphase Flow
3.1 Basic Laws of Single-Phase Flow
3.1.1 Laws of Mass Conservation and Continuity
3.1.2 Irrotational and Rotational Flow
3.1.3 The Viscous Fluid
3.1.4 Navier–Stokes, Euler, and Bernoulli Equations
3.1.5 Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Ducts
3.1.6 Turbulence
3.1.7 Molecular Flow
3.1.8 Falling Film on a Vertical Wall
3.2 Countercurrent Flow of a Gas and a Liquid in a Circular Vertical Tube
3.3 Similarity Hypothesis, Dimensional Analysis, and Dimensionless Numbers
3.4 Particulate Systems
3.5 Flow in Fixed Beds
3.6 Disperse Systems in a Gravity Field
3.6.1 The Final Rising or Falling Velocity of Single Particles
3.6.2 Volumetric Holdup (Fluidized Beds, Spray, Bubble and Drop Columns)
3.7 Flow in Stirred Vessels
3.7.1 Macro-, Meso-, and Micromixing
3.7.2 Suspending, Tendency of Settling
3.7.3 Breakup of Gases and Liquids (Bubbles and Drops)
3.7.4 Gas–Liquid Systems in Stirred Vessels
Symbols
Greek symbols
Indices
Dimensionless numbers
4. Balances, Kinetics of Heat and Mass Transfer
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Balances
4.2.1 Basics
4.2.2 Balancing Exercises of Processes Without Kinetic Phenomena
4.2.2.1 Exercise: Filling a Tank
4.2.2.2 Exercise: Tank with Outlet
4.2.2.3 Exercise: Temperature Evolution in an Agitated Tank
4.2.2.4 Exercise: Isothermal Evaporation of Water
4.2.2.5 Exercise: Balancing a Crystallization Facility
4.3 Heat and Mass Transfer
4.3.1 Kinetics
4.3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients
4.3.2.1 Heat and Mass Transfer at Forced Convection
4.3.2.2 Heat and Mass Transfer in Particulate Systems
4.3.2.3 Heat and Mass Transfer at Natural Convection
4.3.2.4 Heat Transfer in Fluidized Systems
4.3.2.5 Unsteady Heat and Mass Transfer
4.3.2.6 Heat Transfer at Condensing Steams
4.3.2.7 Heat Transfer at Evaporation of Pure Fluids
4.3.3 Balancing Exercises of Processes with Kinetic Phenomena
4.3.3.1 Exercise: Stirred Tank Heated with Condensing Steam
4.3.3.2 Exercise: Cooling of a Stirred Tank with Cooling Water
4.3.3.3 Exercise: Transient Mass Transport in Spheres
4.3.3.4 Exercise: Isothermal Evaporation of a Binary Mixture
4.3.3.5 Example: Balancing a Shell and Tube Heat exchanger
5. Distillation, Rectification, and Absorption
5.1 Distillation
5.1.1 Fundamentals
5.1.1.1 Modes of Operation
5.1.1.2 Phase Equilibrium
5.1.1.3 Boiling Point, Dew Point
5.1.2 Continuous Closed Distillation
5.1.2.1 Binary mixtures
5.1.2.2 Multicomponent Mixtures
5.1.2.3 Flash Distillation
5.1.3 Discontinuous Open Distillation (Batch Distillation)
5.1.3.1 Binary Mixtures
5.1.3.2 Batch Distillation of Ternary Mixtures
5.2 Rectification
5.2.1 Fundamentals
5.2.1.1 Concept of Equilibrium Stages
5.2.1.2 Concept of Transfer Units
5.2.1.3 Comparison of Both Concepts
5.2.2 Continuous Rectification
5.2.2.1 Binary mixtures
5.2.2.2 Rectification of Ternary Mixtures
5.2.2.3 Rectification of Multicomponent Mixtures
5.2.2.4 Reactive Distillation
5.2.3 Batch Distillation (Multistage)
5.2.3.1 Binary Mixtures
5.2.3.2 Ternary Mixtures
5.2.3.3 Reactive Systems
5.3 Absorption and Desorption
5.3.1 Phase Equilibrium
5.3.2 Physical Absorption
5.3.2.1 Minimum Demand of Solvent
5.3.2.2 Minimum Demand of Stripping Gas
5.3.2.3 Number of Equilibrium Stages
5.3.2.4 Comparison Between Distillation and Absorption
5.3.3 Chemical Absorption
5.3.3.1 Minimum Demand of Solvent of Chemical Absorption
5.4 Dimensioning of Mass Transfer Columns
5.4.1 Tray Columns
5.4.1.1 Design Principles
5.4.1.2 Operation Region of Tray Columns
5.4.1.3 Two-Phase Flow on Trays
5.4.1.4 Mass Transfer in the Two-Phase Layer
5.4.2 Packed Columns
5.4.2.1 Design Principles
5.4.2.2 Operation Region of Packed Columns
5.4.2.3 Two-Phase Flow in Packed Columns
5.4.2.4 Mass Transfer in Packed Columns
Symbols
Greek Symbols
6. Extraction
6.1 Phase Equilibrium
6.1.1 Selection of Solvent
6.2 Thermodynamic Description of Extraction
6.2.1 Single Stage Extraction
6.2.2 Multistage Crossflow Extraction
6.2.3 Multiple Stage Countercurrent Extraction
6.3 Equipment
6.3.1 Equipment for Solvent Extraction
6.3.1.1 Static Columns
6.3.1.2 Pulsed Columns
6.3.1.3 Agitated Extractors
6.3.1.4 Comparison of the Performance
6.3.2 Selection of the Dispersed Phase
6.3.3 Decantation (Phase Splitting)
6.4 Dimensioning of Solvent Extractors
6.4.1 Two-Phase Flow
6.4.2 Mass Transfer
6.4.2.1 Overall Transfer Coefficient
6.4.2.2 Interfacial Area
6.4.2.3 Driving Concentration Difference
Symbols
Greek Symbols
Dimensionless Numbers
7. Evaporation and Condensation
7.1 Evaporators
7.2 Multiple Effect Evaporation
7.3 Condensers
7.4 Design of Evaporators and Condensers
7.5 Thermocompression
7.6 Evaporation Processes
Symbols
Greek Symbols
Indices
8. Crystallization
8.1 Fundamentals and Equilibrium
8.1.1 Fundamentals
8.1.2 Equilibrium
8.2 Crystallization Processes and Devices
8.2.1 Cooling Crystallization
8.2.2 Evaporative Crystallization
8.2.3 Vacuum Crystallization
8.2.4 Drowning-Out and Reactive Crystallization
8.2.5 Crystallization Devices
8.2.5.1 Crystallization from Solution
8.2.5.2 Crystallization from Melts
8.3 Balances
8.3.1 Mass Balance of the Continuously Operated Crystallizer
8.3.2 Mass Balance of the Batch Crystallizer
8.3.3 Energy Balance of the Continuously Operated Crystallizer
8.3.4 Population Balance
8.4 Crystallization Kinetics
8.4.1 Nucleation and Metastable Zone
8.4.1.1 Activated Nucleation
8.4.1.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation
8.4.1.3 Attrition-Controlled Nucleation
8.4.2 Crystal Growth
8.4.2.1 Growth Controlled by Diffusion
8.4.2.2 Growth Controlled by Integration
8.4.2.3 Growth Controlled by Diffusion and Integration
8.4.3 Aggregation and Agglomeration
8.4.3.1 Forces Between Particles
8.4.4 Nucleation and Crystal Growth in MSMPR Crystallizers
8.5 Design of Crystallizers
Symbols
Greek Symbols
Indices
9. Adsorption, Chromatography, Ion Exchange
9.1 Industrial Adsorbents
9.2 Adsorbers
9.3 Sorption Equilibria
9.4 Single and Multistage Adsorber
9.4.1 Single Stage
9.4.2 Crossflow of Stages
9.4.3 Countercurrent Flow
9.5 Adsorption Kinetics
9.5.1 Simplified Models of Fixed Beds
9.5.1.1 The LDF model
9.5.1.2 Rosen model
9.5.1.3 General Approach
9.5.2 Simplified Solution for a Single Pellet
9.5.3 Transport Coefficients
9.5.3.1 Axial Dispersion Coefficient Dax
9.5.3.2 Mass Transfer Coefficient Particle / Fluid
9.5.3.3 Diffusion in the Macropores and Tortuosity Factor
9.5.3.4 Tortuosity Factor
9.5.3.5 Surface Diffusion Coefficient
9.5.3.6 Micropore Diffusion Coefficient
9.5.4 The Adiabatic Fixed Bed Absorber
9.6 Regeneration of Adsorbents
9.7 Adsorption Processes
9.8 Chromatography
9.8.1 Equilibria
9.8.2 Theoretical Model of the Number N of Stages
9.8.3 Chromatography Processes
9.8.4 Industrial processes
9.9 Ion Exchange
9.9.1 Capacity and Equilibrium
9.9.2 Kinetics and Breakthrough
9.9.3 Operation Modes
9.9.4 Industrial Application
Symbols
Greek symbols
Indices
10. Drying
10.1 Types of Dryers
10.2 Drying Goods and Desiccants
10.2.1 Drying Goods
10.2.2 Desiccants
10.2.3 Drying by Radiation
10.3 The Single-Stage Apparatus in the Enthalpy–Concentration Diagram for Humid Air
10.4 Multistage Dryer
10.5 Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer
10.6 Drying Periods
10.6.1 Constant Rate Period (I. Drying Period)
10.6.2 Critical Moisture Content
10.6.3 Falling Rate Period (II. Drying Period)
10.7 Some Further Drying Processes
Symbols
Greek symbols
Indices
11. Conceptual Process Design
11.1 Processes for Separating Binary Mixtures
11.1.1 Concentration of Sulfuric Acid
11.1.2 Removal of Ammonia from Wastewater
11.1.3 Removal of Hydrogen Chloride from Inert Gases
11.1.4 Air separation
11.2 Processes for Separating Zeotropic Multicomponent Mixtures
11.2.1 Basic Processes for Fractionating Ternary Mixtures
11.2.1.1 a-Path
11.2.1.2 c-Path
11.2.1.3 a/c-Path
11.2.1.4 Direct Column Coupling
11.2.2 Processes with Side Columns
11.2.2.1 a-Path with Side Column
11.2.2.2 c-Path with Side Column
11.2.2.3 a/c-Path with Side Column
11.2.2.4 Divided Wall Columns
11.2.3 Processes with Indirect (Thermal) Column Coupling
11.2.3.1 Multistage Flash Process
11.2.3.2 Thermal Coupling of Columns
11.2.3.3 Pinch Technology
11.3 Processes for Separating Azeotropic Mixtures
11.3.1 Fractionation of Mixtures with Heteroazeotropes
11.3.2 Pressure Swing Distillation
11.3.3 Processes with Entrainer
11.3.3.1 Criteria for Entrainer Selection
1 .3.3.2 Process Simplification
11.4 Hybrid Processes
11.4.1 Azeotropic Distillation
11.4.2 Extractive Distillation
11.4.3 Processes Combining Distillation and Extraction
11.4.4 Processes Combining Distillation with Desorption
11.4.5 Processes Combining Distillation with Adsorption
11.4.6 Processes Combining Distillation with Permeation
11.5 Reactive Distillation
Symbols
Greek Symbol
References
Index
LinK
http://ifile.it/6a15sn