الاستاذ الدكتور سعد المحترم
السلام عليكم
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1 NANOTECHNOLOGY
/ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW 1
1.1 Introduction
/ 1
1.2 Survey of Nanotechnology Applications / 2
1.3 Legal Considerations for Nanotechnology by A. Calderone / 6
1.4 Recent Patent Activity / 10
1.5 Environmental Implications / 12
1.6 Current Environmental Regulations / 18
1.7 Classification and Sources of Pollutants / 38
1.8 Effects of Pollutants / 47
1.9 Text Contents / 58
1.10 Summary / 58
References / 59
2 NANOTECHNOLOGY: TURNING BASIC SCIENCE
INTO REALITY 61
Suzanne A. Shelley
2.1 Introduction
/ 61
2.2 Basic Chemistry and Size-Related Properties / 66
vii
2.3 Nanotechnology: Prime Materials and
Manufacturing Methods
/ 70
2.4 Carbon Nanotubes and Buckyballs / 79
2.5 Current and Future Market Applications / 85
2.6 Analytical Methods / 94
2.7 Health and Safety Issues: Ethical, Legal, and
Societal Implications / 98
2.8 Funding Future Developmental Efforts / 102
2.9 Summary / 104
References / 105
3 AIR ISSUES 109
3.1 Introduction
/ 109
3.2 Air Pollution Control Equipment / 110
3.3 Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling / 123
3.4 Stack Design / 129
3.5 Indoor Air Quality / 130
3.6 Monitoring Methods / 144
3.7 Summary / 154
References / 155
4 WATER ISSUES 157
4.1 Introduction
/ 157
4.2 Industrial Wastewater Management / 160
4.3 Municipal Wastewater Treatment / 172
4.4 Dispersion Modeling in Water Systems / 185
4.5 Monitoring Methods / 192
4.6 Summary / 197
References / 198
5 SOLID WASTE ISSUES 201
5.1 Introduction
/ 201
5.2 Industrial Waste Management / 205
5.3 Municipal Solid Waste Management / 212
5.4 Hospital Waste Management / 217
5.5 Nuclear Waste Management / 224
5.6 Metals / 233
5.7 Superfund / 243
5.8 Monitoring Methods / 251
viii
CONTENTS
5.9 Summary
/ 258
References / 259
6 MULTIMEDIA ANALYSIS 261
6.1 Introduction
/ 261
6.2 Historical Perspective / 262
6.3 Multimedia Application: A Chemical Plant / 263
6.4 Multimedia Application: Products and Services / 266
6.5 Multimedia Application: A Hazardous Waste
Incineration Facility / 267
6.6 Education and Training / 267
6.7 Summary / 270
References / 270
7 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT 273
7.1 Introduction
/ 273
7.2 Health Risk Assessment Evaluation Process / 276
7.3 Why Use Risk-Based Decision Making? / 284
7.4 Risk-Based Corrective Action Approach / 285
7.5 Statutory Requirements Involving Environmental
Communication / 289
7.6 Public Perception of Risk / 292
7.7 Risk Communication / 298
7.8 Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication / 299
7.9 Summary / 302
References / 302
8 HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT 307
8.1 Introduction
/ 307
8.2 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization of
Act of 1986 / 312
8.3 Need For Emergency Response Planning / 313
8.4 Emergency Planning / 319
8.5 Hazards Survey / 321
8.6 Training of Personnel / 323
8.7 Hazard Risk Assessment Evaluation Process / 325
8.8 Summary / 333
References / 334
CONTENTS
ix
9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 337
9.1 Introduction
/ 337
9.2 Air Pollution / 338
9.3 Water Pollution / 341
9.4 Solid Waste Pollution / 343
9.5 Health Concerns / 345
9.6 Hazard Concerns / 346
9.7 Summary / 348
References / 348
10 FUTURE TRENDS 349
10.1 Introduction
/ 349
10.2 Air Issues / 350
10.3 Water Issues / 351
10.4 Solid Waste Issues / 354
10.5 Multimedia Concerns and Hazards / 358
10.6 Health and Hazard Risk Assessment / 359
10.7 Environmental Ethics / 360
10.8 Environmental Audits / 361
10.9 ISO 14000 / 363
10.10 Summary / 365
وهذا محتوى الكتاب الثاني
Preface
................................................................................... v
Acknowledgments..................................................................... vii
Abbreviations and Symbols ........................................................ xiii
Chapter 1. Introduction........................................................... 1
1.1. Objectives....................................................................... 2
1.2. Outlines ......................................................................... 3
Chapter 2. Literature Review
.................................................... 5
2.1. Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI)....................................................... 5
2.1.1. Iron Use in the Environment....................................... 5
2.1.2. Nanoparticulate Bimetallic and Iron Technology.............. 7
2.1.3. Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) Using Granular ZVI ..... 8
2.1.4. PRB and ZVI Colloids.............................................. 9
2.1.5. Use of ZVI, H
2O2, and Complexants ............................ 10
2.1.6. Nanosized ZVI (nZVI).............................................. 11
2.2. Pesticides and Contamination............................................... 12
2.2.1. Introduction ........................................................... 12
2.2.2. Characteristics of Pesticides and Their
Environmental Effects .............................................. 13
2.2.3. Commonly Used Pesticides ........................................ 16
2.2.4. Pesticides Treatment and Management Practices .............. 18
2.3. Summary........................................................................ 22
Chapter 3. Nanoscale ZVI Particles Manufacture
and Analytical Techniques
.......................................................... 25
3.1. Synthesis of Nanoscale ZVI Particles ..................................... 25
3.1.1. ZVI Particle Characterization...................................... 26
3.2. Analytical Techniques........................................................ 28
3.2.1. Solid-Phase Microextraction GC/MSD.......................... 28
3.2.2. HPLCAnalysis of Benzoic Acid and p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid 34
ix
x Contents
3.2.3. Measurement of Ferrous Iron Concentrations .................. 34
3.2.4. Measurement of Hydrogen Peroxide
(H
2O2) Concentrations.............................................. 34
3.3. Procedures Used in nZVI-Mediated Degradation Studies ............. 35
3.3.1. Molinate Degradation ............................................... 35
3.3.2. Benzoic Acid Degradation ......................................... 36
3.4. Experimental Setup Used in ZEA System Studies ..................... 37
3.5. Determination of ZVI Surface Products by XRD....................... 39
3.5.1. Measurements in the Presence of Molinate ..................... 40
3.5.2. Measurements in the Absence of Molinate ..................... 40
Chapter 4. Oxidative Degradation of the Thiocarbamate
Herbicide, Molinate, Using Nanoscale ZVI
..................................... 41
4.1. Introduction .................................................................... 41
4.2. Results........................................................................... 41
4.2.1. Effect of the Presence of Air/Oxygen............................ 41
4.2.2. Effect of Molinate and ZVI Concentration...................... 42
4.2.3. Effect of pH........................................................... 44
4.2.4. Ferrous Iron Generation ............................................ 45
4.2.5. Effect of DO.......................................................... 52
4.2.6. Hydrogen Peroxide Generation ................................... 53
4.2.7. Catalase and Butanol Competition................................ 55
4.2.8. Degradation By-products .......................................... 56
4.3. Molinate Degradation by Combined ZVI and H
2O2 .................... 58
4.3.1. Effect of ZVI at Fixed Hydrogen
Peroxide Concentration ............................................ 60
4.3.2. Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide at Constant ZVI ................. 60
4.3.3. Degradation By-products by Combined ZVI and H2O2 ...... 61
4.3.4. Fe(II) Generation from Coupled ZVI/H2O2 in the
Presence of Molinate................................................ 64
4.4. Molinate Degradation Using Fenton’s Reagent.......................... 64
4.4.1. Degradation By-products of Molinate Using
Fenton’s Reagents ................................................... 67
4.5. Comparison of ZVI, Coupled ZVI/H2O2 and Fenton’s
Process at High pH............................................................ 69
4.6. XRD and XPS Analysis...................................................... 69
4.6.1. Results of XRD Analysis........................................... 69
4.6.2. XPS Results........................................................... 73
4.7. Discussion ...................................................................... 73
4.7.1. Evidence of Oxidation Pathway................................... 73
4.7.2. Reaction Mechanism................................................ 75
4.7.3. Kinetics of Fe(II) and H2O2 Generation......................... 79
4.7.4. Overview of the ZVI-Mediated Oxidative Technology ...... 79
4.8. Conclusion...................................................................... 80
Contents xi
Chapter 5. Molecular Oxygen Activation by Fe
II/IIIEDTA
as a Form of Green Oxidation Chemistry∗
..................................... 83
5.1. Oxygen Activation ............................................................ 83
5.2. Xenobiotic Degradation by ZEA System ................................. 85
5.3. Mechanism of Degradation.................................................. 87
5.4. Rate-Determining Step....................................................... 88
5.5. Iron Chelation and Chelate Geometry Influence Reactivity........... 91
5.6. Form of Reactive Oxygen Intermediate Species ........................ 94
5.7. Conclusion...................................................................... 95
Chapter 6. Quantification of the Oxidizing Capacity of
Nanoparticulate Zero-Valent Iron and Assessment of
Possible Environmental Applications
............................................ 97
6.1. Introduction .................................................................... 97
6.2. Results........................................................................... 98
6.2.1. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) Formation ................... 98
6.2.2. Cumulative Hydroxyl Radical Formation over
Long Term............................................................. 98
6.2.3. Effect of Fe(II) as Oxidant Scavenger............................ 100
6.2.4. Effect of ZVI Concentrations on Oxidant Yield................ 101
6.2.5. Effect of pH........................................................... 103
6.2.6. Selectivity of Oxidant............................................... 103
6.2.7. Effect of ZVI Type on Oxidant Yields ........................... 109
6.2.8. Comparison Study on Standard Fenton Oxidation of
Benzoic Acid ......................................................... 109
6.2.9. Effect of Pure O
2 on Oxidant Yield .............................. 110
6.2.10. Discussion............................................................. 113
6.2.11. Conceptual Kinetic Modeling ..................................... 115
6.3. Conclusion...................................................................... 120
Chapter 7. Conclusions and Future Research Needs
...................... 123
7.1. Column Studies................................................................ 123
7.2. Further Applications of the ZVI-Mediated Oxidative Process........ 124
7.3. Summary of Results .......................................................... 125
7.4. Overview of nZVI Research and Further Research Needs ............ 127
Chapter 8. References
............................................................. 129
Appendix A: XRD Analysis of ZVI Collected from
Four Different Samples.............................................................. 147
Appendix B: XRD Analysis of ZVI Collected from
Four Different Samples.............................................................. 149
xi
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