A Comprehensive Review of Lubricant Chemistry, Technology, Selection, and Design
Author(s): Syed Q. a. Rizvi
Publisher: ASTM
Date : 2009
Pages : 657
Format : PDF
OCR : Y
Quality :
Language : English
ISBN-10 : 0803170009
ISBN-13 : 9780803170001
A Comprehensive Review of Lubricant Chemistry, Technology, Selection, and Design
By Syed Q. a. Rizvi
* Publisher: ASTM International
* Number Of Pages: 657
* Publication Date: 2009-05
* ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0803170009
* ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780803170001
Preface
This book provides an overview of the technology of lubricants and its use in devising new ones. During my research, I found
lubricant literature, both academic and commercial, to be rich with respect to information, with theWorldwideWeb being an
excellent source. The monographs pertaining to lubricant technology and tribology that I found most useful are listed below.
1. Motor Oils and Engine Lubrication by Alphonse Schilling, published by Scientific Publications, Great Britain, 1968.
2. Lubricants and Related Properties—Synthesis, Properties, Applications, International Standards, authored by Professor
Dieter Klamann, published byVerlag Chemie, Hamburg, 1984.
3. Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants, Edited by R. M. Mortier and S. T. Orszulik, published by VCH Publishers, Inc.
Blackie,NewYork, 1992.
4. Automotive Lubricants Reference Handbook by Arthur Caines and Roger Haycock, published by SAE International,
1996.
5. Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications, Leslie R. Rudnick, Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc.,NewYork, 2003.
6. Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, and Testing, George E. Totten, Ed., ASTM International,
Philadelphia, 2003.
7. CRC Handbook of Lubrication, Vol. I, Theory and Practice of Tribology: Applications and Maintenance, Richard E.
Booser, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983; CRC Handbook of Lubrication, Theory and Practice in Tribology, Vol. II,
Theory and Design, Richard E. Booser Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1988; CRC Handbook of Lubrication, Theory and
Practice inTribology,Vol. III, Monitoring, Materials, Synthetic Lubricants, and Applications, Richard E. Booser, Ed.,
CRCPress, Boca Raton, 1993.
8 Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology, Vol. I, Applications and Maintenance, 2nd ed., George E. Totten, Ed., CRC
Press, Boca Raton, 2006.
9 Fundamentals ofTribology, N. P. Suh and N. Saka, Eds.,MITPress, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1980.
10. Friction,Wear, Lubrication:AText Book ofTribology, Kenneth C. Ludema, Ed.,CRCPress, Boca Raton, 1996.
11. Introduction toTribology, Bharat Bhushan, JohnWiley&Sons, Inc., 2002.
The present manuscript differs from these in that it is written both from a chemist’s perspective and a lubrication engineer’s
perspective and therefore places equal emphasis on the chemistry and the formulation of lubricants. In addition, it includes
additive technology that is used in petroleum exploration, refining, and fuels.
The finalizing of this manuscript would not have been possible without the help of many of my colleagues, at Lubrizol and
elsewhere, my wife Marie, and my children Sophia and Ali. My colleagues provided me the technical advice and my family
provided the needed moral support. In addition, I am indebted to Marie and Sophia for typing portions of the manuscript and
reviewing the document for content, legibility, and grammar. I also wish to express my gratitude to the ASTM publications staff
including Monica Siperko, most of who worked behind the scenes to make this publication possible. Above all, I am indebted to
Kathy Dernoga ofASTMInternational who faciliated the completion of this book by providing continuous support.
Syed Q. Rizvi
January 2009
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Chapter 1: Lubrication Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lubricant Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Friction and Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Viscosity and Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Types of Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Lubricant Selection and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Lubricant Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Lubricant Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Lubricant Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Detergents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Dispersants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Oxidation Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Friction Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Anti-wear Agents and Extreme-pressure Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Foam Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Viscosity Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Pour Point Depressants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Chapter 2: Mineral Base Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
link
http://rapidshare.com/files/306989053/LUB_CHEM1.rar
Author(s): Syed Q. a. Rizvi
Publisher: ASTM
Date : 2009
Pages : 657
Format : PDF
OCR : Y
Quality :
Language : English
ISBN-10 : 0803170009
ISBN-13 : 9780803170001
A Comprehensive Review of Lubricant Chemistry, Technology, Selection, and Design
By Syed Q. a. Rizvi
* Publisher: ASTM International
* Number Of Pages: 657
* Publication Date: 2009-05
* ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0803170009
* ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780803170001
Preface
This book provides an overview of the technology of lubricants and its use in devising new ones. During my research, I found
lubricant literature, both academic and commercial, to be rich with respect to information, with theWorldwideWeb being an
excellent source. The monographs pertaining to lubricant technology and tribology that I found most useful are listed below.
1. Motor Oils and Engine Lubrication by Alphonse Schilling, published by Scientific Publications, Great Britain, 1968.
2. Lubricants and Related Properties—Synthesis, Properties, Applications, International Standards, authored by Professor
Dieter Klamann, published byVerlag Chemie, Hamburg, 1984.
3. Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants, Edited by R. M. Mortier and S. T. Orszulik, published by VCH Publishers, Inc.
Blackie,NewYork, 1992.
4. Automotive Lubricants Reference Handbook by Arthur Caines and Roger Haycock, published by SAE International,
1996.
5. Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications, Leslie R. Rudnick, Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc.,NewYork, 2003.
6. Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, and Testing, George E. Totten, Ed., ASTM International,
Philadelphia, 2003.
7. CRC Handbook of Lubrication, Vol. I, Theory and Practice of Tribology: Applications and Maintenance, Richard E.
Booser, Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983; CRC Handbook of Lubrication, Theory and Practice in Tribology, Vol. II,
Theory and Design, Richard E. Booser Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1988; CRC Handbook of Lubrication, Theory and
Practice inTribology,Vol. III, Monitoring, Materials, Synthetic Lubricants, and Applications, Richard E. Booser, Ed.,
CRCPress, Boca Raton, 1993.
8 Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology, Vol. I, Applications and Maintenance, 2nd ed., George E. Totten, Ed., CRC
Press, Boca Raton, 2006.
9 Fundamentals ofTribology, N. P. Suh and N. Saka, Eds.,MITPress, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1980.
10. Friction,Wear, Lubrication:AText Book ofTribology, Kenneth C. Ludema, Ed.,CRCPress, Boca Raton, 1996.
11. Introduction toTribology, Bharat Bhushan, JohnWiley&Sons, Inc., 2002.
The present manuscript differs from these in that it is written both from a chemist’s perspective and a lubrication engineer’s
perspective and therefore places equal emphasis on the chemistry and the formulation of lubricants. In addition, it includes
additive technology that is used in petroleum exploration, refining, and fuels.
The finalizing of this manuscript would not have been possible without the help of many of my colleagues, at Lubrizol and
elsewhere, my wife Marie, and my children Sophia and Ali. My colleagues provided me the technical advice and my family
provided the needed moral support. In addition, I am indebted to Marie and Sophia for typing portions of the manuscript and
reviewing the document for content, legibility, and grammar. I also wish to express my gratitude to the ASTM publications staff
including Monica Siperko, most of who worked behind the scenes to make this publication possible. Above all, I am indebted to
Kathy Dernoga ofASTMInternational who faciliated the completion of this book by providing continuous support.
Syed Q. Rizvi
January 2009
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Chapter 1: Lubrication Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lubricant Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Friction and Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Viscosity and Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Types of Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Lubricant Selection and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Lubricant Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Lubricant Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Lubricant Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Detergents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Dispersants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Oxidation Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Friction Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Anti-wear Agents and Extreme-pressure Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Foam Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Viscosity Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Pour Point Depressants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Chapter 2: Mineral Base Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
link
http://rapidshare.com/files/306989053/LUB_CHEM1.rar
