كتاب : Practical Instrumentation for Automation and Process Control
In a time of constant and rapid technological development, it would be quite ambitious to develop and present a course that claimed to cover each and every industrial measuring type of equipment. This course is not intended to be an encyclopaedia of instrumentation and control valves, but rather a training guide for gaining experience in this fast changing environment. This course is aimed at providing engineers, technicians and any other personnel involved with process measurement, more experience in that field. It is also designed to give students the fundamentals on analysing the process requirements and selecting suitable solutions for their applications.
Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Basic measurements and control concepts 1
1.2 Basic measurement performance terms and specifications 2
1.3 Advanced measurement performance terms and
specifications 3
1.4 Definition of terminology 6
1.5 Process and Instrumentation Diagram symbols 8
1.6 Effects of selection criteria 11
1.7 Measuring instruments and control valves as part of the
overall control system 22
1.8 Typical applications 23
2 Pressure Management 25
2.1 Principles of pressure management 25
2.2 Pressure sources 26
2.3 Pressure transducers and elements – mechanical 28
2.4 Pressure transducers and elements – electrical 38
2.5 Installation considerations 44
2.6 Impact on the overall control loop 47
2.7 Selection tables 48
2.8 Future technologies 50
3 Level Measurement 51
3.1 Principles of level measurement 51
3.2 Simple sight glasses and gauging rods 52
3.3 Buoyancy type 54
3.4 Hydrostatic pressure 56
3.5 Ultrasonic measurement 65
3.6 Radar measurement 70
3.7 Vibration switches 71
3.8 Radiation measurement 72
3.9 Electrical measurement 78
3.10 Density measurement 89
3.11 Installation considerations 91
3.12 Impact on the overall control loop 91
3.13 Selection tables 93
3.14 Future technologies 95
4 Temperature Measurement 97
4.1 Principles of temperature measurement 97
4.2 Thermocouples 98
4.3 Resistance Temperature Detectors 110
4.4 Thermistors 118
4.5 Liquid-in-glass, filled, bimetallic 122
4.6 Non contact pyrometers 130
4.7 Humidity 133
4.8 Installation considerations 135
4.9 Impact on the overall control loop 136
4.10 Selection tables 137
4.11 Future technologies 139
5 Flow Measurement 141
5.1 Principles of flow measurement 141
5.2 Differential pressure flowmeters 146
5.3 Open channel flow measurement 160
5.4 Variable area flowmeters 165
5.5 Oscillatory flow measurement 167
5.6 Magnetic flowmeters 179
5.7 Positive displacement 185
5.8 Ultrasonic flow measurement 189
5.9 Mass flow meters 192
5.10 Installation considerations 198
5.11 Impact on overall control loop 199
5.12 Selection tables 201
5.13 Future technologies 202
6 Control Valves 205
6.1 Principles of control valves 205
6.2 Sliding stem valves 206
6.3 Rotary valves 220
6.4 Control valve selection and sizing 225
6.5 Control valve characteristics/trim 228
6.6 Control valve noise and cavitation 234
6.7 Actuators and positioners operation 237
6.8 Valve benchset and stroking 241
6.9 Impact on the overall control loop 242
6.10 Selection tables 243
6.11 Future technologies 244
7 Other Process Considerations 247
7.1 The new smart instrument and field bus 247
7.2 Noise and earthing considerations 253
7.3 Materials of construction 263
7.4 Linearisation 264
8 Integration of the System 267
8.1 Calculation of individual instruments and total error for the system 267
8.2 Selection considerations 270
8.3 Testing and commissioning of the subsystems 273
8.4 Linearisation 264
9 Weightometers 277
9.1 Introduction 277
9.2 Weightometers 284
9.3 Calibrating and testing weightometers 289
9.4 Operator checks 293
9.5 Other types of weightometers and weighing systems 294
9.6 Electrical disturbances for weighing systems 304
Appendix A Thermocouple Tables 307
Appendix B Process Instrumentation Practical Exercises 383
Appendix C Ultrasonic Level Measurement 405
Appendix D Multiple Choice Questions 443
Appendix E Practical Exercises for Equipment Kit A 449
Appendix F Practical Exercises for Equipment Kit B 493
link
http://rapidshare.com/files/171693643/Practical_Instrumentation_APC.rar
In a time of constant and rapid technological development, it would be quite ambitious to develop and present a course that claimed to cover each and every industrial measuring type of equipment. This course is not intended to be an encyclopaedia of instrumentation and control valves, but rather a training guide for gaining experience in this fast changing environment. This course is aimed at providing engineers, technicians and any other personnel involved with process measurement, more experience in that field. It is also designed to give students the fundamentals on analysing the process requirements and selecting suitable solutions for their applications.
Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Basic measurements and control concepts 1
1.2 Basic measurement performance terms and specifications 2
1.3 Advanced measurement performance terms and
specifications 3
1.4 Definition of terminology 6
1.5 Process and Instrumentation Diagram symbols 8
1.6 Effects of selection criteria 11
1.7 Measuring instruments and control valves as part of the
overall control system 22
1.8 Typical applications 23
2 Pressure Management 25
2.1 Principles of pressure management 25
2.2 Pressure sources 26
2.3 Pressure transducers and elements – mechanical 28
2.4 Pressure transducers and elements – electrical 38
2.5 Installation considerations 44
2.6 Impact on the overall control loop 47
2.7 Selection tables 48
2.8 Future technologies 50
3 Level Measurement 51
3.1 Principles of level measurement 51
3.2 Simple sight glasses and gauging rods 52
3.3 Buoyancy type 54
3.4 Hydrostatic pressure 56
3.5 Ultrasonic measurement 65
3.6 Radar measurement 70
3.7 Vibration switches 71
3.8 Radiation measurement 72
3.9 Electrical measurement 78
3.10 Density measurement 89
3.11 Installation considerations 91
3.12 Impact on the overall control loop 91
3.13 Selection tables 93
3.14 Future technologies 95
4 Temperature Measurement 97
4.1 Principles of temperature measurement 97
4.2 Thermocouples 98
4.3 Resistance Temperature Detectors 110
4.4 Thermistors 118
4.5 Liquid-in-glass, filled, bimetallic 122
4.6 Non contact pyrometers 130
4.7 Humidity 133
4.8 Installation considerations 135
4.9 Impact on the overall control loop 136
4.10 Selection tables 137
4.11 Future technologies 139
5 Flow Measurement 141
5.1 Principles of flow measurement 141
5.2 Differential pressure flowmeters 146
5.3 Open channel flow measurement 160
5.4 Variable area flowmeters 165
5.5 Oscillatory flow measurement 167
5.6 Magnetic flowmeters 179
5.7 Positive displacement 185
5.8 Ultrasonic flow measurement 189
5.9 Mass flow meters 192
5.10 Installation considerations 198
5.11 Impact on overall control loop 199
5.12 Selection tables 201
5.13 Future technologies 202
6 Control Valves 205
6.1 Principles of control valves 205
6.2 Sliding stem valves 206
6.3 Rotary valves 220
6.4 Control valve selection and sizing 225
6.5 Control valve characteristics/trim 228
6.6 Control valve noise and cavitation 234
6.7 Actuators and positioners operation 237
6.8 Valve benchset and stroking 241
6.9 Impact on the overall control loop 242
6.10 Selection tables 243
6.11 Future technologies 244
7 Other Process Considerations 247
7.1 The new smart instrument and field bus 247
7.2 Noise and earthing considerations 253
7.3 Materials of construction 263
7.4 Linearisation 264
8 Integration of the System 267
8.1 Calculation of individual instruments and total error for the system 267
8.2 Selection considerations 270
8.3 Testing and commissioning of the subsystems 273
8.4 Linearisation 264
9 Weightometers 277
9.1 Introduction 277
9.2 Weightometers 284
9.3 Calibrating and testing weightometers 289
9.4 Operator checks 293
9.5 Other types of weightometers and weighing systems 294
9.6 Electrical disturbances for weighing systems 304
Appendix A Thermocouple Tables 307
Appendix B Process Instrumentation Practical Exercises 383
Appendix C Ultrasonic Level Measurement 405
Appendix D Multiple Choice Questions 443
Appendix E Practical Exercises for Equipment Kit A 449
Appendix F Practical Exercises for Equipment Kit B 493
link
http://rapidshare.com/files/171693643/Practical_Instrumentation_APC.rar