Handbook of Bolts and Bolted Joints
Drawing on the rich and varied experience of recognized experts from industry and academia, this hands-on guide presents time-tested standard as well as reliable emerging knowledge on threaded fasteners and joints - showing engineers how to select parts and materials, predict behavior, control assembly processes, and solve on-the-job problems.
Table of Contents
BASIC CONCEPTS
Two Types of Bolted Joints
Bolt's Job
The Challenge
Failure Modes
Design
Layout of the Book
MATERIALS
Properties That Affect the Clamping Force
Fastener Standards
Selecting an Appropriate Standard
Bolting Materials
Tensile Strength of Bolting Materials
Metric Fasteners
Equivalent Materials
Some Comments on the Strength of Bolting Materials
Nut Selection
Effects of Temperature on Material Properties
Other Material Factors to Consider
Joint Materials
STRESS AND STRENGTH CONSIDERATIONS
Types of Strength
Bolt in Tension
Strength of a Bolt
Strength of the Joint
Other Types of Load on a Bolt
Exercises and Problems
References and Bibliography
THREADS AND THEIR STRENGTH
Thread Forms
Thread Series
Thread Allowance, Tolerance, and Class
Inspection Levels
Thread Nomenclature
Coarse- versus Fine- versus Constant-Pitch Threads
The Strength of Threads
What Happens to Thread Form under Load?
Things That Modify the Static Strength of Threads
Other Factors Affecting Strength
Exercises and Problems
References and Bibliography
STIFFNESS AND STRAIN CONSIDERATIONS
Bolt Deflection
Bolt Stiffness Calculations
The Joint
Gasketed Joints
An Alternate Way to Compute Joint Stiffness
Joint Stiffness Ratio or Load Factor
Stiffness-Some Design Goals
Exercises and Problems
INTRODUCTION TO ASSEMBLY
Initial versus Residual Preload
Starting the Assembly Process
Bolt Preload versus Clamping Force on the Joint
Continuing the Snugging Pass
Short-Term Relaxation of Individual Bolts
Elastic Interactions between Bolts
The Assembly Process Reviewed
Optimizing Assembly Results
TORQUE CONTROL OF PRELOAD
Importance of Correct Preload
Torque versus Preload-The Long-Form Equation
Things That Affect the Torque-Preload Relationship
Torque versus Preload-The Short-Form Equation
Nut Factors
Torque Control in Practice
Some Tools for Torque Control
Fasteners That Limit Applied Torque
Is Torque Control Any Good?
Testing Tools
The Influence of Torque Control on Joint Design
Using Torque to Disassemble a Joint
TORQUE AND TURN CONTROL
Basic Concepts of Turn Control
Turn versus Preload
Friction Effects
Torque and Turn in Theory
Turn-of-Nut Control
Production Assembly Problems
Popular Control Strategies
Monitoring the Results
Problems Reduced by Torque-Angle Control
How to Get the Most Out of Torque-Angle Control
OTHER WAYS TO CONTROL PRELOAD
Stretch Control: The Concept
Problems of Stretch Control
Stretch Measurement Techniques
How Much Stretch?
Problems Reduced by Stretch Control
How to Get the Most Out of Stretch Control
Direct Preload Control-An Introduction
Bolt Tensioners
Bolt Heaters
Problems Reduced by Direct Preload Control
Getting the Most Out of Direct Preload Control
Ultrasonic Measurement of Stretch or Tension
Ultrasonic Measurements Using Plasma-Coated, Thin Film Transducers
THEORETICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE JOINT UNDER TENSILE LOADS
Basic Joint Diagram
Details and Variations
Mathematics of the Joint
Loading Planes
Dynamic Loads on Tension Joints
The Joint Under a Compressive Load
BEHAVIOR OF THE JOINT LOADED IN TENSION: A CLOSER LOOK
Effect of Prying Action on Bolt Loads
Mathematics of Prying
Other Nonlinear Factors
Thermal Effects
Joint Equations That Include the Effects of Eccentricity and Differential Expansion
IN-SERVICE BEHAVIOR OF A SHEAR JOINT
Bolted Joints Loaded in Axial Shear
Factors That Affect Clamping Force in Shear Joints
Response of Shear Joints to External Loads
Joints Loaded in Both Shear and Tension
Present Definitions-Types of Shear Joint
INTRODUCTION TO JOINT FAILURE
Mechanical Failure of Bolts
Missing Bolts
Loose Bolts
Bolts Too Tight
Which Failure Modes Must We Worry About?
Concept of Essential Conditions
Importance of Correct Preload
Load Intensifiers
Failure of Joint Members
Galling
SELF-LOOSENING
The Problem
How Does a Nut Self-Loosen?
Loosening Sequence
Junker's Theory of Self-Loosening
Testing for Vibration Resistance
To Resist Vibration
FATIGUE FAILURE
Fatigue Process
What Determines Fatigue Life?
Other Types of Diagram
Influence of Preload and Joint Stiffness
Minimizing Fatigue Problems
Predicting Fatigue Life or Endurance Limit
Fatigue of Shear Joint Members
Case Histories
CORROSION
Corrosion Mechanism
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Other Types of Stress Cracking
Minimizing Corrosion Problems
Fastener Coatings
SELECTING PRELOAD FOR AN EXISTING JOINT
How Much Clamping Force Do We Want?
Simple Ways to Select Assembly Preloads
Estimating the In-Service Clamping Force
Relating Desired to Anticipated Bolt Tensions
Which Variables to Include in the Analysis
ASTM F16.96 Subcommittee on Bolting Technology
A More Rigorous Procedure
NASA's Space Shuttle Preload Selection Procedure
DESIGN OF JOINTS LOADED IN TENSION
A Major Goal: Reliable Joints
Typical Design Steps
Joint Design in the Real World
VDI Joint Design Procedure
An Example
Other Factors to Consider When Designing a Joint
DESIGN OF JOINTS LOADED IN SHEAR
An Overview
The VDI Procedure Applied to Shear Joints
How Shear Joints Resist Shear Loads
Strength of Friction-Type Joints
Strength of Bearing-Type Joints
Eccentrically Loaded Shear Joints
Allowable Stress versus Load and Resistance Factor Design
Appendix A: Units and Symbol Log
Appendix B: Glossary of Fastener and Bolted Joint Terms
Appendix C: Sources of Bolting Information and Standards
Appendix D: English and Metric Conversion Factors
Appendix E: Tensile Stress Areas for English and Metric Threads
Appendix F: Basic Head, Thread, and Nut Lengths
links
http://ifile.it/s4t9u12/0824799771.zip
or
http://ifile.it/s4t9u12/0824799771.zip
Drawing on the rich and varied experience of recognized experts from industry and academia, this hands-on guide presents time-tested standard as well as reliable emerging knowledge on threaded fasteners and joints - showing engineers how to select parts and materials, predict behavior, control assembly processes, and solve on-the-job problems.
Table of Contents
BASIC CONCEPTS
Two Types of Bolted Joints
Bolt's Job
The Challenge
Failure Modes
Design
Layout of the Book
MATERIALS
Properties That Affect the Clamping Force
Fastener Standards
Selecting an Appropriate Standard
Bolting Materials
Tensile Strength of Bolting Materials
Metric Fasteners
Equivalent Materials
Some Comments on the Strength of Bolting Materials
Nut Selection
Effects of Temperature on Material Properties
Other Material Factors to Consider
Joint Materials
STRESS AND STRENGTH CONSIDERATIONS
Types of Strength
Bolt in Tension
Strength of a Bolt
Strength of the Joint
Other Types of Load on a Bolt
Exercises and Problems
References and Bibliography
THREADS AND THEIR STRENGTH
Thread Forms
Thread Series
Thread Allowance, Tolerance, and Class
Inspection Levels
Thread Nomenclature
Coarse- versus Fine- versus Constant-Pitch Threads
The Strength of Threads
What Happens to Thread Form under Load?
Things That Modify the Static Strength of Threads
Other Factors Affecting Strength
Exercises and Problems
References and Bibliography
STIFFNESS AND STRAIN CONSIDERATIONS
Bolt Deflection
Bolt Stiffness Calculations
The Joint
Gasketed Joints
An Alternate Way to Compute Joint Stiffness
Joint Stiffness Ratio or Load Factor
Stiffness-Some Design Goals
Exercises and Problems
INTRODUCTION TO ASSEMBLY
Initial versus Residual Preload
Starting the Assembly Process
Bolt Preload versus Clamping Force on the Joint
Continuing the Snugging Pass
Short-Term Relaxation of Individual Bolts
Elastic Interactions between Bolts
The Assembly Process Reviewed
Optimizing Assembly Results
TORQUE CONTROL OF PRELOAD
Importance of Correct Preload
Torque versus Preload-The Long-Form Equation
Things That Affect the Torque-Preload Relationship
Torque versus Preload-The Short-Form Equation
Nut Factors
Torque Control in Practice
Some Tools for Torque Control
Fasteners That Limit Applied Torque
Is Torque Control Any Good?
Testing Tools
The Influence of Torque Control on Joint Design
Using Torque to Disassemble a Joint
TORQUE AND TURN CONTROL
Basic Concepts of Turn Control
Turn versus Preload
Friction Effects
Torque and Turn in Theory
Turn-of-Nut Control
Production Assembly Problems
Popular Control Strategies
Monitoring the Results
Problems Reduced by Torque-Angle Control
How to Get the Most Out of Torque-Angle Control
OTHER WAYS TO CONTROL PRELOAD
Stretch Control: The Concept
Problems of Stretch Control
Stretch Measurement Techniques
How Much Stretch?
Problems Reduced by Stretch Control
How to Get the Most Out of Stretch Control
Direct Preload Control-An Introduction
Bolt Tensioners
Bolt Heaters
Problems Reduced by Direct Preload Control
Getting the Most Out of Direct Preload Control
Ultrasonic Measurement of Stretch or Tension
Ultrasonic Measurements Using Plasma-Coated, Thin Film Transducers
THEORETICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE JOINT UNDER TENSILE LOADS
Basic Joint Diagram
Details and Variations
Mathematics of the Joint
Loading Planes
Dynamic Loads on Tension Joints
The Joint Under a Compressive Load
BEHAVIOR OF THE JOINT LOADED IN TENSION: A CLOSER LOOK
Effect of Prying Action on Bolt Loads
Mathematics of Prying
Other Nonlinear Factors
Thermal Effects
Joint Equations That Include the Effects of Eccentricity and Differential Expansion
IN-SERVICE BEHAVIOR OF A SHEAR JOINT
Bolted Joints Loaded in Axial Shear
Factors That Affect Clamping Force in Shear Joints
Response of Shear Joints to External Loads
Joints Loaded in Both Shear and Tension
Present Definitions-Types of Shear Joint
INTRODUCTION TO JOINT FAILURE
Mechanical Failure of Bolts
Missing Bolts
Loose Bolts
Bolts Too Tight
Which Failure Modes Must We Worry About?
Concept of Essential Conditions
Importance of Correct Preload
Load Intensifiers
Failure of Joint Members
Galling
SELF-LOOSENING
The Problem
How Does a Nut Self-Loosen?
Loosening Sequence
Junker's Theory of Self-Loosening
Testing for Vibration Resistance
To Resist Vibration
FATIGUE FAILURE
Fatigue Process
What Determines Fatigue Life?
Other Types of Diagram
Influence of Preload and Joint Stiffness
Minimizing Fatigue Problems
Predicting Fatigue Life or Endurance Limit
Fatigue of Shear Joint Members
Case Histories
CORROSION
Corrosion Mechanism
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Other Types of Stress Cracking
Minimizing Corrosion Problems
Fastener Coatings
SELECTING PRELOAD FOR AN EXISTING JOINT
How Much Clamping Force Do We Want?
Simple Ways to Select Assembly Preloads
Estimating the In-Service Clamping Force
Relating Desired to Anticipated Bolt Tensions
Which Variables to Include in the Analysis
ASTM F16.96 Subcommittee on Bolting Technology
A More Rigorous Procedure
NASA's Space Shuttle Preload Selection Procedure
DESIGN OF JOINTS LOADED IN TENSION
A Major Goal: Reliable Joints
Typical Design Steps
Joint Design in the Real World
VDI Joint Design Procedure
An Example
Other Factors to Consider When Designing a Joint
DESIGN OF JOINTS LOADED IN SHEAR
An Overview
The VDI Procedure Applied to Shear Joints
How Shear Joints Resist Shear Loads
Strength of Friction-Type Joints
Strength of Bearing-Type Joints
Eccentrically Loaded Shear Joints
Allowable Stress versus Load and Resistance Factor Design
Appendix A: Units and Symbol Log
Appendix B: Glossary of Fastener and Bolted Joint Terms
Appendix C: Sources of Bolting Information and Standards
Appendix D: English and Metric Conversion Factors
Appendix E: Tensile Stress Areas for English and Metric Threads
Appendix F: Basic Head, Thread, and Nut Lengths
links
http://ifile.it/s4t9u12/0824799771.zip
or
http://ifile.it/s4t9u12/0824799771.zip
