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بسم الله الحمن الرحيم
السلام عليك ورحمة الله
هديتىاليكم المتواضعة كتاب
Membranes for Industrial Wastewater Recovery and Re-use
Elsevier Ltd. | ISBN 1856173895 | ENGLISH | PDF | 228 PAGES | 8.42 MB
Introduction
Water reuse motivations and barriers
The motivations for recycling of wastewater are manifold. Most often stated are those pertaining to increasing pressures on water resources. Reuse of wastewater conserves the supply of freshwater, and this presents clear advantages with respect to environmental protection. More pragmatically, wastewater reuse may result directly from legislation, which can constrain the discharge of polluted water by making this option onerous or else forbid such discharges altogether, or it may simply be favoured economically regardless of regulatory stipulations. It is also the case that reuse itself is an emotive issue, and perhaps particularly so in the case of water. For domestic water recycling, that is recycling of water for non-contact domestic use such as toilet flushing or irrigation, public perception issues can outweigh the technical ones in terms of barriers to imposition. Key to this are the matters of ownership and identity. Studies have demonstrated that people are generally prepared to reuse water if it derives entirely from their own household, i.e. if they know where it has been. They are rather less prepared to use water if it is identified as deriving from some other source such as, for example, their neighbour’s house (Jeffrey, 2002). Curiously, the complete loss of identity, such as arises either from large-scale community schemes, and indeed from conventional water supply via municipal works and intermediate environmental water bodies such as rivers, reservoirs and aquifers, is also perceived as being acceptable. In reviewing the water reuse opportunities in industry, it is important to make the distinction between reclamation and recycling. Reclamation is the recovery and treatment of water to make it available for reuse: recycling is the recovery and reuse (whether or not subject to treatment) to and from a discrete operation. The development of water reclamation and reuse dates back centuries but modern day legislation probably dates back to 1956 in Japan, when the Industrial Water Law was introduced to restrict the use of groundwater by the rapidly growing Japanese industry, and Californian legislation leading to the adoption of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (Cologne, 1998). The drive for conservation of freshwater supplies has led to the development in some parts of the world, and in arid regions of the USA in particular, of largescale community schemes in which water “recovered” from a municipal works is directly used for specific duties. In Japan, where sewerage services are limited and/or expensive, there has been a proliferation of in-building recycling schemes. For all such schemes, the key to the successful implementation of the reuse scheme is user acceptance and, ultimately, the assessment of risk.
على الرابط التالى
السلام عليك ورحمة الله
هديتىاليكم المتواضعة كتاب
Membranes for Industrial Wastewater Recovery and Re-use
Elsevier Ltd. | ISBN 1856173895 | ENGLISH | PDF | 228 PAGES | 8.42 MB
Introduction
Water reuse motivations and barriers
The motivations for recycling of wastewater are manifold. Most often stated are those pertaining to increasing pressures on water resources. Reuse of wastewater conserves the supply of freshwater, and this presents clear advantages with respect to environmental protection. More pragmatically, wastewater reuse may result directly from legislation, which can constrain the discharge of polluted water by making this option onerous or else forbid such discharges altogether, or it may simply be favoured economically regardless of regulatory stipulations. It is also the case that reuse itself is an emotive issue, and perhaps particularly so in the case of water. For domestic water recycling, that is recycling of water for non-contact domestic use such as toilet flushing or irrigation, public perception issues can outweigh the technical ones in terms of barriers to imposition. Key to this are the matters of ownership and identity. Studies have demonstrated that people are generally prepared to reuse water if it derives entirely from their own household, i.e. if they know where it has been. They are rather less prepared to use water if it is identified as deriving from some other source such as, for example, their neighbour’s house (Jeffrey, 2002). Curiously, the complete loss of identity, such as arises either from large-scale community schemes, and indeed from conventional water supply via municipal works and intermediate environmental water bodies such as rivers, reservoirs and aquifers, is also perceived as being acceptable. In reviewing the water reuse opportunities in industry, it is important to make the distinction between reclamation and recycling. Reclamation is the recovery and treatment of water to make it available for reuse: recycling is the recovery and reuse (whether or not subject to treatment) to and from a discrete operation. The development of water reclamation and reuse dates back centuries but modern day legislation probably dates back to 1956 in Japan, when the Industrial Water Law was introduced to restrict the use of groundwater by the rapidly growing Japanese industry, and Californian legislation leading to the adoption of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (Cologne, 1998). The drive for conservation of freshwater supplies has led to the development in some parts of the world, and in arid regions of the USA in particular, of largescale community schemes in which water “recovered” from a municipal works is directly used for specific duties. In Japan, where sewerage services are limited and/or expensive, there has been a proliferation of in-building recycling schemes. For all such schemes, the key to the successful implementation of the reuse scheme is user acceptance and, ultimately, the assessment of risk.
على الرابط التالى
http://www.easy-share.com/1907034786/Membranes For Industrial Wastewater Recovery.pdf
