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Radioanalytical Methodology for Water Analysis
Introduction
Many nations are facing the challenge of cleaning up and protecting our environment. The concern over radionuclides in the environment is based on the possible health hazards caused by emitted ionizing radiation, especially in situations where radionuclides are taken into the body through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption. The magnitude of the hazard depends on the distribution of radionuclides within the body, the length of time they are retained in the body, and the energy type of the emitted radiation. The initial reactions of radiation in the body will involve hydrogen–oxygen chemical species. Other interactions resulting from the exposure to large amounts of ionization radiation may produce cancer (bone cancer and leukemias), genetic effects, damage to the blood vessels, induction of cataracts of the eye lenses, and infertility. Techniques and methods of chemical characterization and monitoring are essential in the execution of control programs to minimize health hazards.
Many nations are facing the challenge of cleaning up and protecting our environment. The concern over radionuclides in the environment is based on the possible health hazards caused by emitted ionizing radiation, especially in situations where radionuclides are taken into the body through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption. The magnitude of the hazard depends on the distribution of radionuclides within the body, the length of time they are retained in the body, and the energy type of the emitted radiation. The initial reactions of radiation in the body will involve hydrogen–oxygen chemical species. Other interactions resulting from the exposure to large amounts of ionization radiation may produce cancer (bone cancer and leukemias), genetic effects, damage to the blood vessels, induction of cataracts of the eye lenses, and infertility. Techniques and methods of chemical characterization and monitoring are essential in the execution of control programs to minimize health hazards.
CONTENTS
Introduction .............................................................. 77
Radionuclides in the Environment .......................... 78
Detector ……………...........…………… ...............…….79
Gamma Detectors ...................................................... 80
Alpha Detectors......................................................... 81
Beta Detectors .......................................................... 82
Mass Spectrometers................................................. 82
Decay Counting and ICP-MS................................... 84
Separation Techniques ............................................. 84
Applications to Extraction Chromatography........ 85
88 Applications of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass
Spectrometry
Application of Rad-Disk Technology...................... 89
Strontium...................................................................... 89
Radium............................................................................ 90
Technetium-99 ............................................................ 91
Bismuth and Polonium................................................... 91
Measuring Disequilibrium in Aqueous Samples ..... 91
References ................................................................. 92
Radionuclides in the Environment .......................... 78
Detector ……………...........…………… ...............…….79
Gamma Detectors ...................................................... 80
Alpha Detectors......................................................... 81
Beta Detectors .......................................................... 82
Mass Spectrometers................................................. 82
Decay Counting and ICP-MS................................... 84
Separation Techniques ............................................. 84
Applications to Extraction Chromatography........ 85
88 Applications of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass
Spectrometry
Application of Rad-Disk Technology...................... 89
Strontium...................................................................... 89
Radium............................................................................ 90
Technetium-99 ............................................................ 91
Bismuth and Polonium................................................... 91
Measuring Disequilibrium in Aqueous Samples ..... 91
References ................................................................. 92
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Handbook of water Analysis
Handbook of water Analysis
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