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Biology of Disease
Biology of Disease
By Nessar Ahmed, Maureen Dawson, Chris Smith, Ed Wood
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Publisher: BIOS Scientific Publ
Number Of Pages: 576
Publication Date: 2006-12-13
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0748772103
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780748772100
Binding: Paperback
Number Of Pages: 576
Publication Date: 2006-12-13
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0748772103
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780748772100
Binding: Paperback
Book Description
Book Narrative
Book Narrative
Biology of Disease is a text for undergraduate biomedical students who are intending to pursue a career in the medical support services. Written in an engaging manner, it is also an ideal reference for medical and clinical technicians and will be useful for students needing a broad overview of the biological basis of disease. Specific areas covered include haematology, immunology, and microbiology, along with genetic, cardiovascular, and diet-related disorders. Cancer and diseases of ageing are also included.
Extensively illustrated throughout, the text is further supported by bullet-point summaries and revision questions. Biology of Disease also contains examples and case studies of common diseases, discussing preventative measures and treatments.
Extensively illustrated throughout, the text is further supported by bullet-point summaries and revision questions. Biology of Disease also contains examples and case studies of common diseases, discussing preventative measures and treatments.
Key Sales Points:
· Summarizes the biological basis of common diseases. This ensures the students understand the basics of the common diseases they are likely to come across in biomedical/ medtech. profession
· Case studies and clinical applications put theory in a medical context allowing the reader to relate the theory to real life situations
· Self-test questions at the end of each chapter ensure the student has grasped and understood the most important concepts
· Summarizes the biological basis of common diseases. This ensures the students understand the basics of the common diseases they are likely to come across in biomedical/ medtech. profession
· Case studies and clinical applications put theory in a medical context allowing the reader to relate the theory to real life situations
· Self-test questions at the end of each chapter ensure the student has grasped and understood the most important concepts
Contents
Preface xvii
Glossary xix
Glossary xix
Chapter 1: The Nature and Investigation of Diseases 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Characteristic Features of Diseases 2
Etiology 2
Pathogenesis 3
Manifestations of Diseases 4
Outcome of a Disease 5
1.3 Classification of Diseases 6
1.4 Epidemiology of Disease 7
1.5 Investigating Diseases 8
1.6 Types of Pathology Laboratories 9
1.7 Role of Hospital Laboratory Tests 10
1.8 Hospital Laboratory Tests 14
1.9 Evaluation of Laboratory Tests 16
1.10 Reference Ranges 17
1.11 Quality of Test Results and Clinical Auditing 18
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Characteristic Features of Diseases 2
Etiology 2
Pathogenesis 3
Manifestations of Diseases 4
Outcome of a Disease 5
1.3 Classification of Diseases 6
1.4 Epidemiology of Disease 7
1.5 Investigating Diseases 8
1.6 Types of Pathology Laboratories 9
1.7 Role of Hospital Laboratory Tests 10
1.8 Hospital Laboratory Tests 14
1.9 Evaluation of Laboratory Tests 16
1.10 Reference Ranges 17
1.11 Quality of Test Results and Clinical Auditing 18
Chapter 2: Pathogens and Virulence 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Types of Pathogens 26
Prions 26
Viruses 27
Bacteria 30
Protozoa, Fungi and Helminths 30
Arthropods and Vertebrates 31
2.3 Virulence Factors 33
Defensive Virulence Factors 33
Offensive Virulence Factors 34
2.4 Course of Infection 37
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Types of Pathogens 26
Prions 26
Viruses 27
Bacteria 30
Protozoa, Fungi and Helminths 30
Arthropods and Vertebrates 31
2.3 Virulence Factors 33
Defensive Virulence Factors 33
Offensive Virulence Factors 34
2.4 Course of Infection 37
Chapter 3: Infectious Diseases and Treatments 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Infections of the Skin 42
3.3 Infections of the Eyes, Ears and Central Nervous System 42
3.4 Infections of the Respiratory System 44
3.5 Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract 46
3.6 Infections of the Urogenital System 48
3.7 Sepsis and Systemic Infections 53
3.8 Investigating Infectious Diseases 54
Culture 54
Serological Tests 55
Biochemical and Molecular Biological Techniques 56
3.9 Preventing Infectious Diseases 59
3.10 Controlling the Spread of Pathogens 60
3.11 Treatment of Infectious Diseases 60
Antiviral Drugs 60
Antibacterial Drugs 61
Antifungal, Antiprotozoal and Antihelminthic Drugs 64
Combination Therapy 66
Surgery 66
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Infections of the Skin 42
3.3 Infections of the Eyes, Ears and Central Nervous System 42
3.4 Infections of the Respiratory System 44
3.5 Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract 46
3.6 Infections of the Urogenital System 48
3.7 Sepsis and Systemic Infections 53
3.8 Investigating Infectious Diseases 54
Culture 54
Serological Tests 55
Biochemical and Molecular Biological Techniques 56
3.9 Preventing Infectious Diseases 59
3.10 Controlling the Spread of Pathogens 60
3.11 Treatment of Infectious Diseases 60
Antiviral Drugs 60
Antibacterial Drugs 61
Antifungal, Antiprotozoal and Antihelminthic Drugs 64
Combination Therapy 66
Surgery 66
Chapter 4: The Immune System 73
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Types of Immune Defense 74
4.3 Nonspecific Defenses 74
Interferons 74
Complement 75
Nonspecific Cells 75
Mononuclear Leukocytes 77
Inflammation and the Acute Phase Response 77
4.4 Specific Immune Responses 79
Roles of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity 80
Humoral Immunity 80
Cell-Mediated Immunity 85
4.5 Small Lymphocytes 86
4.6 Production of a Specific Immune Response 87
Humoral Immunity 89
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Types of Immune Defense 74
4.3 Nonspecific Defenses 74
Interferons 74
Complement 75
Nonspecific Cells 75
Mononuclear Leukocytes 77
Inflammation and the Acute Phase Response 77
4.4 Specific Immune Responses 79
Roles of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity 80
Humoral Immunity 80
Cell-Mediated Immunity 85
4.5 Small Lymphocytes 86
4.6 Production of a Specific Immune Response 87
Humoral Immunity 89
Chapter 5: Disorders of the Immune System 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Immunodeficiency Diseases 100
Primary Immunodeficiency Disease 100
5.3 Autoimmune Disorders 110
Classification of Autoimmune Disorders 110
Autoimmune Disorders Affecting Endocrine Glands 111
Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease 113
Myasthenia Gravis 114
Rheumatoid Arthritis 115
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 116
5.4 Immunological Hypersensitivity 118
Type I Hypersensitivity 118
Type II Hypersensitivity 121
Type III Hypersensitivity 121
Type IV Delayed Type Hypersensitivity 122
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Immunodeficiency Diseases 100
Primary Immunodeficiency Disease 100
5.3 Autoimmune Disorders 110
Classification of Autoimmune Disorders 110
Autoimmune Disorders Affecting Endocrine Glands 111
Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease 113
Myasthenia Gravis 114
Rheumatoid Arthritis 115
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 116
5.4 Immunological Hypersensitivity 118
Type I Hypersensitivity 118
Type II Hypersensitivity 121
Type III Hypersensitivity 121
Type IV Delayed Type Hypersensitivity 122
Chapter 6: Transfusion and Transplantation 127
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Blood and Blood Products for Transfusion 128
6.3 The Discovery of the Blood Group Systems 129
6.4 The ABO Blood Group System (ISBT 001) 132
The Antigens of the ABO System 133
Antibodies of the ABO Blood Group System 134
Consequences of ABO Incompatible Transfusions 134
6.5 The Rh Blood Group System (ISBT 004) 135
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn 136
6.6 Other Blood Group Systems 138
6.7 Laboratory Determination of Blood Groups 139
6.8 Role of Complement in Transfusion Reactions 140
6.9 Hazards of Transfusion 141
Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury 142
Iron Overload 142
Alloimmunization 142
Graft versus Host Disease 143
Infections 143
6.10 Screening of Blood Donors 143
6.11 Transplantation of Solid Tissues and Organs 145
Immunological Rejection of Transplants 145
Causes of Graft Rejection 146
6.12 The HLA System 147
HLA Typing 148
6.13 Immunosuppression 150
6.14 Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 152
Bone MarrowTransplantation 152
Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation 153
Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Transplantation 153
Identification of Hemopoietic Stem Cells 153
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Blood and Blood Products for Transfusion 128
6.3 The Discovery of the Blood Group Systems 129
6.4 The ABO Blood Group System (ISBT 001) 132
The Antigens of the ABO System 133
Antibodies of the ABO Blood Group System 134
Consequences of ABO Incompatible Transfusions 134
6.5 The Rh Blood Group System (ISBT 004) 135
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn 136
6.6 Other Blood Group Systems 138
6.7 Laboratory Determination of Blood Groups 139
6.8 Role of Complement in Transfusion Reactions 140
6.9 Hazards of Transfusion 141
Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury 142
Iron Overload 142
Alloimmunization 142
Graft versus Host Disease 143
Infections 143
6.10 Screening of Blood Donors 143
6.11 Transplantation of Solid Tissues and Organs 145
Immunological Rejection of Transplants 145
Causes of Graft Rejection 146
6.12 The HLA System 147
HLA Typing 148
6.13 Immunosuppression 150
6.14 Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 152
Bone MarrowTransplantation 152
Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation 153
Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Transplantation 153
Identification of Hemopoietic Stem Cells 153
Chapter 7: Disorders of the Endocrine System 157
7.1 Introduction 157
7.2 Hormone Production 159
7.3 Mechanisms of Hormonal Action 162
7.4 Causes of Endocrine Disorders 164
7.5 The Pituitary Gland 165
Disorders of Pituitary Function 167
7.6 Growth Hormone Disorders 169
Diagnosis and Treatment of Growth Hormone Disorders 171
7.7 Thyroid Hormone Disorders 172
Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Disorders 174
7.8 Regulation of Blood Glucose 177
Diabetes Mellitus 178
Hypoglycemia 181
7.9 Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex 183
Addison’s Disease 184
Cushing’s Syndrome 185
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 186
Conn’s Syndrome 187
7.10 Reproductive Hormones 188
Disorders of Sex Hormones 194
7.1 Introduction 157
7.2 Hormone Production 159
7.3 Mechanisms of Hormonal Action 162
7.4 Causes of Endocrine Disorders 164
7.5 The Pituitary Gland 165
Disorders of Pituitary Function 167
7.6 Growth Hormone Disorders 169
Diagnosis and Treatment of Growth Hormone Disorders 171
7.7 Thyroid Hormone Disorders 172
Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Disorders 174
7.8 Regulation of Blood Glucose 177
Diabetes Mellitus 178
Hypoglycemia 181
7.9 Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex 183
Addison’s Disease 184
Cushing’s Syndrome 185
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 186
Conn’s Syndrome 187
7.10 Reproductive Hormones 188
Disorders of Sex Hormones 194
Chapter 8: Disorders of Water, Electrolytes and Urate Balances 203
8.1 Introduction 203
8.2 Kidneys 204
Renal Function Tests 206
Renal Failure 206
8.3 Disorders of Water Homeostasis 208
8.4 Disorders of Na+ Homeostasis 210
8.5 Disorders of K+ Homeostasis 211
8.6 Disorders of Ca2+ Homeostasis 212
8.7 Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis 216
8.8 Disorders of Mg2+ Homeostasis 218
8.9 Disorders of Urate Metabolism 219
8.1 Introduction 203
8.2 Kidneys 204
Renal Function Tests 206
Renal Failure 206
8.3 Disorders of Water Homeostasis 208
8.4 Disorders of Na+ Homeostasis 210
8.5 Disorders of K+ Homeostasis 211
8.6 Disorders of Ca2+ Homeostasis 212
8.7 Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis 216
8.8 Disorders of Mg2+ Homeostasis 218
8.9 Disorders of Urate Metabolism 219
Chapter 9: Disorders of Acid–Base Balance 225
9.1 Introduction 225
9.2 The Production and Transport of Carbon Dioxide 226
9.3 Buffering and the Excretion of H+ 227
9.4 Types of Acid–Base Disorders 230
Metabolic Acid–Base Disorders 230
Respiratory Acid–Base Disorders 231
Mixed Acid–Base Disorders 232
9.5 Investigating Acid–Base Disorders 233
9.1 Introduction 225
9.2 The Production and Transport of Carbon Dioxide 226
9.3 Buffering and the Excretion of H+ 227
9.4 Types of Acid–Base Disorders 230
Metabolic Acid–Base Disorders 230
Respiratory Acid–Base Disorders 231
Mixed Acid–Base Disorders 232
9.5 Investigating Acid–Base Disorders 233
Chapter 10: Diet and Disease 239
10.1 Introduction 239
10.2 Diet and Nutrition 240
Nutrients and Energy 240
Carbohydrates 241
Lipids 241
Proteins 244
Water 244
Vitamins 245
Minerals and Trace Elements 250
10.3 Nutritional Disorders 252
Protein-Energy Malnutrition 252
Obesity 254
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa 258
Disorders of Vitamin Nutrition 259
Nutritional Disorders of Minerals and Trace Elements 263
10.4 Investigating Nutritional Disorders 266
Protein-Energy Malnutrition 267
Obesity 267
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa 267
Vitamins 268
Minerals and Trace Elements 270
10.5 General Management of Nutritional Disorders 271
10.1 Introduction 239
10.2 Diet and Nutrition 240
Nutrients and Energy 240
Carbohydrates 241
Lipids 241
Proteins 244
Water 244
Vitamins 245
Minerals and Trace Elements 250
10.3 Nutritional Disorders 252
Protein-Energy Malnutrition 252
Obesity 254
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa 258
Disorders of Vitamin Nutrition 259
Nutritional Disorders of Minerals and Trace Elements 263
10.4 Investigating Nutritional Disorders 266
Protein-Energy Malnutrition 267
Obesity 267
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa 267
Vitamins 268
Minerals and Trace Elements 270
10.5 General Management of Nutritional Disorders 271
Chapter 11: Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas, Liver and Gall Bladder 277
11.1 Introduction 277
11.2 The Gastrointestinal Tract and its Accessory Organs 278
11.3 Digestion 281
Mouth 282
Stomach 283
Small Intestine 285
11.4 Absorption of the Products of Digestion 289
11.5 Activities of the Large Intestine 295
11.6 The Small Intestine and Homeostasis 295
11.7 Hormonal Control of GIT Secretions 296
11.8 Disorders of the GIT and Accessory Organs 297
Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas 297
Disorders of the Liver, Gall Bladder and Bile Duct 298
Disorders of the Stomach 302
Disorders of the Small Intestine 306
Disorders of the Large Intestine 311
11.1 Introduction 277
11.2 The Gastrointestinal Tract and its Accessory Organs 278
11.3 Digestion 281
Mouth 282
Stomach 283
Small Intestine 285
11.4 Absorption of the Products of Digestion 289
11.5 Activities of the Large Intestine 295
11.6 The Small Intestine and Homeostasis 295
11.7 Hormonal Control of GIT Secretions 296
11.8 Disorders of the GIT and Accessory Organs 297
Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas 297
Disorders of the Liver, Gall Bladder and Bile Duct 298
Disorders of the Stomach 302
Disorders of the Small Intestine 306
Disorders of the Large Intestine 311
Chapter 12: Toxicology 315
12.1 Introduction 315
12.2 Drug Action, Metabolism, Distribution and Excretion 316
12.3 Physiological Detoxification Mechanisms 318
12.4 Symptomatic Poisoning 321
12.5 Common Poisons 321
Paracetamol 321
Aspirin 325
Ethanol 327
Methanol 331
Ethylene Glycol 331
Barbiturates 332
Carbon Monoxide 333
Paraquat 334
Metals 335
12.1 Introduction 315
12.2 Drug Action, Metabolism, Distribution and Excretion 316
12.3 Physiological Detoxification Mechanisms 318
12.4 Symptomatic Poisoning 321
12.5 Common Poisons 321
Paracetamol 321
Aspirin 325
Ethanol 327
Methanol 331
Ethylene Glycol 331
Barbiturates 332
Carbon Monoxide 333
Paraquat 334
Metals 335
Chapter 13: Disorders of the Blood 345
13.1 Introduction 345
13.2 Blood Cells and Platelets 346
13.3 Hemoglobins 349
Key Properties of Hemoglobin 350
Embryonic and Fetal Hemoglobins 351
13.4 Hemostasis and Blood Clotting 352
The Intrinsic Pathway 353
The Extrinsic Pathway 354
Common Final Pathway 355
Prevention of Clotting 355
Dissolution of Clots 356
13.5 Anemias 356
Microcytic Anemias 357
Macrocytic Anemia 359
13.6 Hemoglobinopathies 361
Sickle Cell Anemia 362
The Thalassemias 365
13.7 Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD) 368
Favism 369
13.8 Clinical Aspects of Clotting 370
Vitamin K and Anticoagulants 370
Hemophilia 371
13.9 Thrombocytopenia and Thrombocytosis 372
13.1 Introduction 345
13.2 Blood Cells and Platelets 346
13.3 Hemoglobins 349
Key Properties of Hemoglobin 350
Embryonic and Fetal Hemoglobins 351
13.4 Hemostasis and Blood Clotting 352
The Intrinsic Pathway 353
The Extrinsic Pathway 354
Common Final Pathway 355
Prevention of Clotting 355
Dissolution of Clots 356
13.5 Anemias 356
Microcytic Anemias 357
Macrocytic Anemia 359
13.6 Hemoglobinopathies 361
Sickle Cell Anemia 362
The Thalassemias 365
13.7 Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD) 368
Favism 369
13.8 Clinical Aspects of Clotting 370
Vitamin K and Anticoagulants 370
Hemophilia 371
13.9 Thrombocytopenia and Thrombocytosis 372
Chapter 14: Disorders of the Cardiovascular System 379
14.1 Introduction 379
14.2 The Heart and Circulatory Systems 380
14.3 Blood Vessels 383
Arteries 384
Veins 386
Capillaries 386
14.4 Blood Pressure 386
14.5 Investigating Cardiac Function in Health and Disease 389
The Electrocardiogram (ECG) 389
Echocardiography 391
Cardiac Catheterization (Angiography) 391
Angiography and Radiographic Visualization 391
Exercise Stress Test 391
14.6 Endocarditis 392
14.7 Abnormal Heart Rhythms 392
Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter 393
Ventricular Tachycardia 393
Ventricular Fibrillation 394
Heart Block 394
14.8 Cardic Failure 395
Investigation 395
Treatment 395
Chronic Heart Failure 396
Acute Heart Failure 396
14.9 Ischemic Heart Disease 396
14.10 Cardiomyopathies 397
Dilated Congestive Cardiomyopathy 397
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 398
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 398
14.11 Heart Valve Disorders 399
14.12 Heart Tumors 399
14.13 Atherosclerosis or Arteriosclerosis 400
Angina 400
Cholesterol and Lipoproteins 402
14.14 Myocardial Infarction 404
Plasma Enzymes in Myocardial Infarction 405
Treatment 405
Coronary Bypass Surgery 405
14.15 Pericardial Diseases 406
14.16 Disorders of Arteries and Veins 407
Peripheral Arterial Disease 407
Aneurysms 407
Aortic Dissection 407
Stroke 408
Varicose Veins 409
Deep Vein Thrombosis 409
14.17 Clinical Problems Associated with Blood Pressure 410
Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension) 410
Shock 410
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) 411
14.1 Introduction 379
14.2 The Heart and Circulatory Systems 380
14.3 Blood Vessels 383
Arteries 384
Veins 386
Capillaries 386
14.4 Blood Pressure 386
14.5 Investigating Cardiac Function in Health and Disease 389
The Electrocardiogram (ECG) 389
Echocardiography 391
Cardiac Catheterization (Angiography) 391
Angiography and Radiographic Visualization 391
Exercise Stress Test 391
14.6 Endocarditis 392
14.7 Abnormal Heart Rhythms 392
Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter 393
Ventricular Tachycardia 393
Ventricular Fibrillation 394
Heart Block 394
14.8 Cardic Failure 395
Investigation 395
Treatment 395
Chronic Heart Failure 396
Acute Heart Failure 396
14.9 Ischemic Heart Disease 396
14.10 Cardiomyopathies 397
Dilated Congestive Cardiomyopathy 397
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 398
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 398
14.11 Heart Valve Disorders 399
14.12 Heart Tumors 399
14.13 Atherosclerosis or Arteriosclerosis 400
Angina 400
Cholesterol and Lipoproteins 402
14.14 Myocardial Infarction 404
Plasma Enzymes in Myocardial Infarction 405
Treatment 405
Coronary Bypass Surgery 405
14.15 Pericardial Diseases 406
14.16 Disorders of Arteries and Veins 407
Peripheral Arterial Disease 407
Aneurysms 407
Aortic Dissection 407
Stroke 408
Varicose Veins 409
Deep Vein Thrombosis 409
14.17 Clinical Problems Associated with Blood Pressure 410
Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension) 410
Shock 410
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) 411
Chapter 15: Genetic Diseases 415
15.1 Introduction 415
15.2 Genetics and DNA 416
15.3 DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle 417
Mitosis and Meiosis 418
15.4 Genotype and Phenotype 421
15.5 Inheritance andMutations 421
Sex-linked Genetic Diseases 423
15.6 Inherited Gene Disorders 424
Consequences of an Enzyme Deficiency 424
National Screening Programs for Inherited Diseases 428
15.7 Chromosomes and the Human Karyotype 428
Fragile Sites 430
15.8 Chromosomal Mutations or Aberrations 432
Deletions 433
Duplications 434
Inversions 435
Translocations 435
15.9 Variations in Chromosome Numbers 437
Aneuploidy 437
Euploidy 440
15.10 Detecting, Diagnosing and Screening Human Genetics Diseases 441
Detection of Hereditary Diseases 442
15.1 Introduction 415
15.2 Genetics and DNA 416
15.3 DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle 417
Mitosis and Meiosis 418
15.4 Genotype and Phenotype 421
15.5 Inheritance andMutations 421
Sex-linked Genetic Diseases 423
15.6 Inherited Gene Disorders 424
Consequences of an Enzyme Deficiency 424
National Screening Programs for Inherited Diseases 428
15.7 Chromosomes and the Human Karyotype 428
Fragile Sites 430
15.8 Chromosomal Mutations or Aberrations 432
Deletions 433
Duplications 434
Inversions 435
Translocations 435
15.9 Variations in Chromosome Numbers 437
Aneuploidy 437
Euploidy 440
15.10 Detecting, Diagnosing and Screening Human Genetics Diseases 441
Detection of Hereditary Diseases 442
Chapter 16: Membrane, Organelle and Cytoskeletal Disorders 449
16.1 Introduction 449
16.2 Nucleus and Nucleocytoplasmic Transport 450
Clinical Aspects of Nucleocytoplasmic Transport 453
16.3 Plasma Membrane Disorders 453
Cystic Fibrosis 454
16.4 Mitochondrial Disorders 456
Causes of Mitochondrial Disorders 457
Diagnosis and Treatment of Mitochondrial Disorders 460
16.5 Peroxisomal Disorders 461
Diagnosis and Treatment of Peroxisomal Disorders 462
16.6 Lysosomal Disorders 463
Diagnosis and Treatment of Lysosomal Storage Disorders 465
16.7 Cytoskeletal Disorders 465
Muscular Dystrophies 467
Hereditary Elliptocytosis and Spherocytosis 470
16.1 Introduction 449
16.2 Nucleus and Nucleocytoplasmic Transport 450
Clinical Aspects of Nucleocytoplasmic Transport 453
16.3 Plasma Membrane Disorders 453
Cystic Fibrosis 454
16.4 Mitochondrial Disorders 456
Causes of Mitochondrial Disorders 457
Diagnosis and Treatment of Mitochondrial Disorders 460
16.5 Peroxisomal Disorders 461
Diagnosis and Treatment of Peroxisomal Disorders 462
16.6 Lysosomal Disorders 463
Diagnosis and Treatment of Lysosomal Storage Disorders 465
16.7 Cytoskeletal Disorders 465
Muscular Dystrophies 467
Hereditary Elliptocytosis and Spherocytosis 470
Chapter 17: Cancer 475
17.1 Introduction 475
17.2 Classification of Cancer Types 476
17.3 Epidemiology of Cancer 476
17.4 Molecular Biology of Cancer 478
Oncogenes 478
Tumor Suppressor Genes 479
17.5 Causes of Cancer 480
Inherited Cancers 480
Chromosomes and Cancer 481
Chemical Carcinogens 482
Diet and Cancer 484
Radiation and Cancer 485
Viruses and Cancer 486
17.6 General Diagnosis of Cancer 487
Clinical Tests for Cancer 487
17.7 General Treatment of Cancer 492
Chemotherapy 493
Radiation Therapy 497
Immunotherapy 497
17.8 Specific Types of Cancers 498
Lung Cancer 498
Breast Cancer 500
Prostate Cancer 502
Colorectal Cancer 505
Leukemias 507
17.1 Introduction 475
17.2 Classification of Cancer Types 476
17.3 Epidemiology of Cancer 476
17.4 Molecular Biology of Cancer 478
Oncogenes 478
Tumor Suppressor Genes 479
17.5 Causes of Cancer 480
Inherited Cancers 480
Chromosomes and Cancer 481
Chemical Carcinogens 482
Diet and Cancer 484
Radiation and Cancer 485
Viruses and Cancer 486
17.6 General Diagnosis of Cancer 487
Clinical Tests for Cancer 487
17.7 General Treatment of Cancer 492
Chemotherapy 493
Radiation Therapy 497
Immunotherapy 497
17.8 Specific Types of Cancers 498
Lung Cancer 498
Breast Cancer 500
Prostate Cancer 502
Colorectal Cancer 505
Leukemias 507
Chapter 18: Aging and Disease 515
18.1 Introduction 515
18.2 Aging of Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems 516
Cells 516
Tissues 516
Organs 516
Systems 517
18.3 Causes of Aging 519
‘Wear and Tear’ Theories 519
Genome-Based Theories 521
18.4 Age-Related Diseases 522
Cancer 522
Cardiovascular Disease 522
DiabetesMellitus Type 2 523
Cataracts 523
Arthritis 523
Parkinson’s Disease 523
18.5 Calorie Restriction and Aging 527
18.6 Investigations andManagement of the Elderly 527
18.1 Introduction 515
18.2 Aging of Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems 516
Cells 516
Tissues 516
Organs 516
Systems 517
18.3 Causes of Aging 519
‘Wear and Tear’ Theories 519
Genome-Based Theories 521
18.4 Age-Related Diseases 522
Cancer 522
Cardiovascular Disease 522
DiabetesMellitus Type 2 523
Cataracts 523
Arthritis 523
Parkinson’s Disease 523
18.5 Calorie Restriction and Aging 527
18.6 Investigations andManagement of the Elderly 527
Case Study Discussions 531
Index 551
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