المصدر: Extraction Methods for Environmental Analysis في منتدى : قسم الكيمياء (hi)(hi)(hi)(hi) :gift::gift: Extraction Methods for Environmental Analysis by JOHN R. DEAN By Publisher: Wiley Number Of Pages: 240 Publication Date: 1998-08-31 ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0471982873 ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780471982876 Product Description Extraction Methods for Environmental Analysis is the first book to bring together all the extraction techniques used for analysis of liquid and solid environmental samples, including solid phase extraction and micro-extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction. The book is divided into two sections - solid sample preparation and liquid sample preparation - to facilitate access, and each section starts with a summary of methods available. The techniques are compared and contrasted by means of 70 bar charts, all in two colours, and 32 tables. Relative merits of the techniques are discussed to enable the user to select the most appropriate technique for their sample and method of analysis. Extraction Methods for Environmental Analysis is essential reading for anyone involved in environmental analysis CONTENTS Environmental Analysis 1. 1 Introduction 1 1.2 Sampling Strategies 3 1.2.1 Sampling Water Matrices 4 1.2.2 Sampling Soils and Sludges 4 1.3 Storage of Samples 5 1.4 Brief Introduction to Practical Chromatographic Analysis 6 1.5 Quality Assurance in Environmental Analysis 10 References 11 Bibliography 11 Part I: Aqueous Samples 2.Aqueous Sample Preparation 2.1 Environmental Case Study: Pesticides 15 2.1.1 Environmental Fate and Behaviour of Pesticides 18 References 21 3.Classical Approaches for the Extraction of Analytes from Aqueous Samples 3.1 Liquid-Liquid Extraction 23 3.1.1 Theory of Liquid-Liquid Extraction 23 3.1.2 Solvent Extraction 25 3.1.3 Solvent Evaporation Methods 27 3.2 Purge and Trap for Volatile Organics 33 References 34 4.Solid Phase Extraction 4.1 Types of SPE Media 35 4.2 Cartridge or Disk Format 36 4.3 Method of SPE Operation 40 4.4 Solvent Selection 42 4.5 Factors Affecting SPE 43 4.6 Selected Methods of Analysis for SPE 43 4.7 Automated and On -line SPE 46 4.8 Selected Applications of Automated On-line SPE 48 References 61 5.Solid Phase Microextraction 5.1 Theoretical Considerations 65 5.2 Experimental 66 5.3 Methods of Analysis: SPME-GC 67 5.3.1 Volatile Organics in Water: Direct Extraction 67 5.3.2 Volatile Organics in Water: Headspace Concentration 70 5.3.3 Pesticides from Aqueous Samples 72 5.3.4 Phenols 75 5.3.5 Analysis of Analytes from Solid Matrices 78 5.4 Methods of Analysis: SPME-HPLC 83 5.5 Miscellaneous Applications 84 5.5.1 Characterisation of Alcoholic Beverages 84 5.5.2 Analysis of Human Breath 86 5.5.3 Analysis of Cigarette Smoke Condensate 88 5.5.4 Headspace SPME of Cinnamon 88 5.5.5 Tetraethylead and Inorganic Lead in Water 90 5.5.6 Solid Phase Microextraction-Electrodeposition Device 90 5.5.7 Analysis of Polar Analytes using Derivatisation/SPME 90 References 94 Bibliography 94 Part II: Solid Samples 6.Solid Sample Preparation99 6.1 Introduction 101 References 106 7.Liquid-Solid Extraction107 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Experimental 107 7.3 Selected Methods of Analysis 109 7.3.1 Soxhlet 110 7.3.2 Soxtec (Automated Soxhlet) 110 7.3.3 Shake-Flask 112 7.3.4 Shake-Flask versus Sonication 114 7.3.5 Shake-Flask versus Reflux (Soxhlet) 117 7.3.6 Sonication versus Soxhlet 118 7.3.7 Other Approaches 119 References 121 8.Supercritical Fluid Extraction 8.1 Definition of a Supercritical Fluid 125 8.2 Instrumentation for Supercritical Fluid Extraction 126 8.3 Methods of Analysis: Extraction from Solid Samples 129 8.3.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 130 8.3.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 134 8.3.3 Phenols 139 8.3.4 Pesticides 146 8.4 Methods of Analysis: Extraction from Aqueous Samples 153 8.4.1 Direct Extraction of Analytes from Aqueous Samples 154 8.4.2 Use of a Combined SPE-SFE Approach 155 8.5 Recommendations for SFE 156 8.5.1 Selection of Initial Extraction Conditions 158 8.5.2 Preliminary Extractions of Representative Samples 158 8.5.3 Determination of Collection Efficiencies 160 8.5.4 Determine Extraction Efficiency 161 8.5.5 Optimisation of SFE Conditions 161 References 162 Bibliography 163 9.Microwave-Assisted Extraction165 9.1 Theoretical Considerations 165 9.2 Instrumentation 167 9.3 Methods of Analysis: Extraction from Solids 169 9.3.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 170 9.3.2 Pesticides 172 9.3.3 Herbicides 175 9.3.4 Phenols 175 9.3.5 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 176 9.3.6 Phthalate Esters 176 9.3.7 Organometallics 177 9.4 Methods of Analysis: Extraction from Water 179 9.5 Gas-Phase Microwave-Assisted Extraction 181 9.6 Comparison with other Extraction Techniques 181 9.6.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 184 9.6.2 Organochlorine Pesticides 184 9.6.3 Phenols 184 9.6.4 Phthalate Esters 186 9.7 Recommendations for MAE 186 References 187 Appendix A 188 10.Accelerated Solvent Extraction189 10.1 Theoretical Considerations 189 10.1.1 Solubility and Mass Transfer Effects 189 10.1.2 Disruption of Surface Equilibria 189 10.2 Instrumentation 190 10.3 Applications 191 10.3.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 191 10.3.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 197 10.3.3 Dioxins and Furans 198 10.3.4 Pesticides 199 10.3.5 Phenols 203 10.4 Recommendations for ASE 207 References 209 11. Comparison of Extraction Methods 211 11.1 Future Developments in Sample Preparation 211 References 216 General Index 217 Chemical Index 221Link or or or
