كيمياء تحليلية Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, 3e, Analytical Chemistry

المصدر: Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, 3e, Analytical Chemistry
في منتدى : قسم الكيمياء

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, 3e, Analytical Chemistry
by
Robert Allen Meyers


Description
Following in the footsteps of the earlier editions, hundreds of the most respected scientists and engineers participated in the creation of this new edition, including many Nobel Laureates. The articles are in-depth, yet accessible, and address all of the key areas of physical science--including aeronautics, astronomy, chemistry, communications, computers, earth sciences, electronics, engineering, materials science, mathematics, nuclear technology, physics, power systems, propulsion, and space technology. (Midwest)

Contents
Analytical Chemistry
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Analytical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Glossary
Classical Methods
Semimicro Qualitative Analysis
Gravimetric Analysis
Titrimetric (Volumetric) Analysis
Neutralization Titrations
Precipitation Titrations
Complexometric Titrations
Oxidation–Reduction Titrations
Instrumental Methods
Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation
Atomic Absorption
Molecular Absorption
Optical polarization
Ultraviolet–visible
Infrared
Electron spin resonance
Nuclear Absorption
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear . -ray resonance spectroscopy
Emission of Electromagnetic Radiation
Atomic Emission
Emission spectroscopy
Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
Molecular Emission
Fluorescence spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy
Nuclear Emission
Activation analysis
. -Ray spectroscopy
Separation Science
Principles of Chromatography
Gas Chromatography
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Ion Chromatography
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
Chromatographic Methods in Biochemical Science
Analytical Electrochemistry
Conductimetry
Potentiometry
Indicator and reference electrodes
Glass electrodes
Ion-selective electrodes
Voltammetry and Polarography
Amperometric Titrations
Coulometry and Electrogravimetry
Mass Spectrometry
Ion Sources
The Spectrometer
Other Components
Analytical Use
Thermal Methods
Thermogravimetry
Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Thermometric Titrations
Electron Spectroscopy
Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy or Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis
Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Surface Analysis
Chemical Sensors
Electrochemical Devices
Optical Devices
Piezoelectric Devices
Computers in Analytical Chemistry
Instrument Control and Data Handling
Data Acquisition and Processing
Microprocessor Control
Fourier Transform Analysis
Chemometrics
Common Chemometric Methods
Multiple regression analysis
Factor analysis
Pattern recognition
Optimization by the Simplex Method
Selectivity vs Specificity
Future Perspectives
See also the Following Articles
References
Atomic Spectrometry
Atomic Spectrometry
Glossary
Atomic Spectrometric Techniques
Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES)
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)
Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (AFS)
Detection of Elemental Ions
Optical Detection
Wavelength Selection
Photon Detection
Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Theoretical Background
Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry
Instrumentation
Instrumentation for Multi-Element Analysis
Sensitivity
Chemical Interference Effects
Spectral Interferences
Electrical Discharges for Optical Emission Spectrometry
dc and ac Arcs and Sparks
dc Plasma
Glow Discharge Plasma
Other Plasmas
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Theoretical Background
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Instrumentation
Interference Effects
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Instrumentation
Tube Design and Heating Characteristics
Pyrolytic Coating of the Graphite Tube
Inert Gas Requirements
The Detection System
Physico-Chemical Interferences
Background Correction
Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry
Theoretical Background
Light Source
Detection System
Spectral Interferences
Detection of Elemental Ions
Comparisons of the Atomic Spectrometric Techniques
See also the Following Articles
References
Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Glossary
Introduction
The Auger Process and Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Applications in Materials Science
Conclusions
See also the Following Articles
References
Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
Glossary
Principles of Capillary Electrophoresis
Band Broadening in Capillary Electrophoresis
Initial Zone Width (hinj)
Diffusion and Electrodispersion (hdiff+cond)
Joule Heating (hjoule)
Adsorption (hads)
Capillary Electrophoresis Instrumentation
Power Supply
Injection
Capillary Temperature Control
Detectors
Absorbance
Fluorescence
Mass Spectrometry
Preparative Capillary Electrophoresis
Capillary Electrophoresis Separation Modes
Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
Separation Conditions for Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
Applications of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
Capillary Ion Analysis
Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis
Chiral Analysis
Capillary Isoelectric Focusing
Separation Conditions for Capillary Isoelectric Focusing
Applications of Capillary Isoelectric Focusing
Capillary Sieving Techniques
Capillary Gel Electrophoresis
Replaceable Polymer Solutions
Isotachophoresis
Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography
Capillary Electrokinetic Chromatography
See also the Following Articles
References
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry
Glossary
Fundamentals
Electron-Transfer Dynamics (Kinetics and Thermodynamics)
Electrode Potentials and Potentiometry
Principles and Fundamental Relations
Electrode Systems
Applications of Potentiometry
Controlled-Potential Electrolysis and Voltammetry
Principles and Fundamental Relations
Diffusion to a Planar Electrode
Voltammetry
Polarography
Linear Sweep and Cyclic Voltammetry
Controlled-Potential Bulk Electrolysis
Applications of Controlled-Potential Methods
Electron-Transfer Processes
Oxidative Electrochemistry: Metals, Metal Complexes, Lewis Bases
Metals
Metal Complexes
Reductive Electrochemistry
Free Electron (e-); Ultimate Base and One-Electron Reductant in Any Matrix
Electro-Induced Hydrogenation
Electrochemical Characterization of Molecules
Hydronium Ions, Brønsted Acids, and Molecular Hydrogen
Hydronium-Ion (H+ O) Reduction
Brønsted-Acid (HA) Reduction and Evaluation of pKa(sol)
Oxidation of Dissolved Dihydrogen (H2)
Dioxygen Species (·O2·, HOO·/O-2 ·, HOOH)
Molecular Oxygen
Aprotic Media
Hydrogen Peroxide (HOOH, H2O2)
Nonmetals
Elemental Sulfur (S8)
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Nitric Oxide (·NO)
Hydrazines and Amines
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Organic Molecules
Alkyl- and Aryl-Halides
Quinones, Semiquinones, and Catechols
Carbonyl Groups, Olefins, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Brønsted Acids
Oxidation of Nucleophilic Substrates and Lewis Bases
Organometallic Molecules
Ferrocene
Iron-Pentacarbonyl
Industrial Electrosynthesis
Electroplating and Electrorefining
Copper Refining
Aluminum Production
Chloro-Alkali Production
Organic Molecules and Polymers (e.g., Adiponitrile)
Molecular Hydrogen and Hydrogen Peroxide
Batteries and Fuel Cells
Lead-Acid Battery
Edison Battery
“Dry-Cell” Batteries
LeClanch´e Cell
Alkaline Cell
High-Performance Batteries (Nickel/Cadmium, Silver/Zinc, Lithium)
Nickel/Cadmium
Silver/Zinc
Lithium
Fuel Cells
Corrosion; Cathodic Protection
Structural Steel/Aluminum Anodes
See also the Following Articles
References
Electron Spin Resonance
Electron Spin Resonance
Glossary
Basic Principles
Experimental Aspects
Isotropic Hyperfine Analysis
Relation of Hyperfine Constants to Spin Densities
Second-Order Huperfine Effects
Anisotropic Hyperfine Interaction
g Anisotropy
Spin Relaxation
Double-Resonance and Tine-Domain ESR
Applications
New Developments
See also the Following Aritcles
References
Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis
Glossary
Underlying Theory
Background
Moving-Boundary Electrophoresis
Origin of Molecular and Particulate Charge
Stationary Boundaries
Electrophoretic Mobility, Sedimentation Coefficient, and Diffusion Coefficient for Macroions
Free-Solution Electrophoresis
Conventional Procedures
Electrophoretic Light Scattering
Electrophoresis in a Stationary Matrix
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Molecular Properties Important for Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Molecular Properties Important for Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Estimation of Relative Masses Using Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Isoelectric Focusing and Isotachophoresis
Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Other Techniques
Electrophoresis in Oscillating Electric Fields
See also the Following Articles
References
Elemental Analysis, Organic Compounds
Elemental Analysis, Organic Compounds
Glossary
Introduction
Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
Determination of Carbon and Hydrogen
Dumas Method for Nitrogen Determination
Simultaneous Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
Kjeldahl Method for Nitrogen Determination
Determination of Oxygen
Determination of Sulfur
Determination of Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine
Decomposition Methods
Modes of Finish
Determination of Fluorine
Determination of Arsenic and Phosphorus
Determination of Metallic Elements
Determination by Ashing
Determination of Mercury
Other Methods for Determining Atomic Ratios
See also the Following Articles
References
Gas Chromatography
Gas Chromatography
Glossary
Gas Chromatographic Molecular Separation
Physical Principles
Separation Columns
Detectors and Ancillary Techniques
Detectors
The Thermal-Conductivity Detector
The Flame-Ionization Detector
The Electron-Capture Detector
Other Detection Techniques
Ancillary Techniques
Pyrolysis/GC
GC/Mass Spectrometry
GC/Infrared Spectroscopy
Instrumentation
Applications
See also the Following Articles
References
Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared Spectroscopy
Glossary
Basic Theory
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Infrared Spectra Coordinates
Diatomic Vibrations
Polyatomic Vibrations
Infrared Absorption
Dipole Moment Change
Symmetry and Infrared Activity
Quantum Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator
Effect of Anharmonicity
Fermi Resonance
Molecular Rotation
Gas-Phase Band Contours
Instrumentation
Infrared Spectrometers
Grating Spectrophotometers
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometers
Sample Handling Techniques
Infrared-Transmitting Materials
Salt Polishing
Liquid Samples
Gas Samples
Solution Spectra
Films
Mulls
Potassium Bromide Disks
Internal Reflectance
Diffuse Reflectance
Infrared Microspectroscopy
The Near Infrared Region
Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses
Derivative Spectra
Quantitative Analysis
Beer’s Law
Beer’s Law Deviations
Measurement of Absorbance
Integrated Band Intensities
Base Line Method
Ratio Methods
Gas State Analysis
Multicomponent Analysis
Group Frequencies
Concept of Group Frequencies
Vibrational Interaction
Survey of Group Frequencies
See also the Following Articles
References
Liquid Chromatography
Liquid Chromatography
Glossary
Analytical HPLC
Solvent Mixing
Pump
Injector
Column Dimensions and Hardware
Column Packing Supports
Column Packing Technique
HPLC Detectors
Small- and Large-Scale HPLC
Microbore HPLC
Capillary HPLC
Preparative HPLC
Separation Techniques
Adsorption LC
Partition LC
Chiral Separations
Ion-Exchange LC
Size-Exclusion LC
Development of Separation Strategy
Choosing a Separation Technique
Programming an LC Variable
Sample Derivatization Chemistry
See also the Following Articles
References
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Glossary
Magnetic Resonance as a Physical Phenomenon
Current Status in Medicine
Historical Development
Nuclear Magnetism
Comparison to Other Forms of Magnetism
Bloch Equations
Relaxation Times
Chemical Shift
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Scanners as Medical Instruments
System Considerations
Magnets
Gradient Coils
Radio-Frequency Coils
Safety Considerations
Imaging Techniques
Selective Excitation
Spin-Warp Technique
Clinical Applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Proton Imaging
Current Trends
See also the Following Articles
References
Mass Spectrometry
Mass Spectrometry
Glossary
Instrumentation
Sample Introduction Systems
Direct Insertion Probe
Chromatographic Columns
Gas chromatography
Liquid chromatography
Capillary electrophoresis
Ionization Sources
Electron Ionization
Chemical Ionization
Electrospray Ionization
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization
Mass Analyzers
Magnetic and Electric Sectors
TOF Mass Analyzers
Quadrupole Mass Filters
Ion Traps
Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometers
Detectors
Electron Multipliers
Array Detectors
Launch Points for the Next Fifty Years
Exact Mass Measurement
Multidimensional MS/MS
See also the Following Articles
References
Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Science
Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Science
Glossary
Data Generation
Sample Inlet
Ion Generation
Mass Analyzer
Magnetic Sector Instrument
Quadrupole Instrument
Ion Trap Detector
Tandem Mass Spectrometer
Mass Focusing
Mass Detection
Data Evaluation
Toxicology
Arson Analysis
Environmental Issue
See also the Following Articles
References
Microwave Molecular Spectroscopy
Microwave Molecular Spectroscopy
Glossary
Background
Experimental Techniques
Conventional Microwave Spectrometer
Millimeter/Submillimeter-Wave Spectrometer
Line Intensities and Shapes
Evaluation of the Moments of Inertia
Rigid-Rotor Energy Levels and Spectra
Diatomic and Linear Molecules
Symmetric-Top Molecules
Asymmetric-Top Molecules
Spectral Assignment Aids
Double Resonance
Ab Initio Quantum Calculations
Structural Information
Selected Structural Information
Free Radicals and Ions
H-Bonded Complexes
Rotational Isomerism and Ring Conformations
Methyl Group: Tilts and Asymmetry
Quasi-Linear Molecules
Interstellar Space Applications
Centrifugal Distortion Effects
Diatomic and Linear Rotors
Symmetric-Top Molecules
Asymmetric-Top Molecules
Information from Distortion Constants
Rotation-Vibration Interactions
Diatomic Molecules
I-Type Doubling in Linear Molecules
Internal Rotation
Single Top with a Threefold Barrier
Rotational Isomerism
Large-Amplitude Motions
Evaluation of Molecular Structures
Equilibrium Structure
Average Structure
Effective Structure
Substitution Structure
Mass-Dependence Structure
Scaled Structure
Stark Effect and Zeeman Effect
Linear and Symmetric-Top Molecules
Asymmetric-Top Molecules
Dipole Moment Information
Zeeman Effect
Nuclear Quadrupole Hyperfine Structure
Linear and Symmetric-Top Molecules
Asymmetric-Top Molecules
Quadrupole Coupling Constants and the Chemical Bond
Magnetic Interactions
Advanced Experimental Methods
Spectroscopy of Isotope-Substituted Nonpolar Molecules
Unstable and Semistable Species
Low-Temperature Spectroscopy
Collisional Broadening
Fourier-Transform Microwave Spectroscopy
Pulsed-Nozzle MWFT Double-Resonance Spectroscopy
Terahertz Region
See also the Following Articles
References
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Glossary
Introduction
The Nucleus as a Probe of Molecular Structure; Internal Interactions and the Effects of Motion
Shielding; Chemical Shifts
Dipolar Interaction
Electric Field Gradient; Quadrupolar Nuclei
Scalar Coupling
NMR Spectra of Liquids
NMR in Solids
Pulse and Fourier Transform NMR
Two-Dimensional NMR
Multiple Quantum NMR
Coupled Spins 12
Quadrupolar Nuclei
Medical Imaging
Acknowledgment
See also the Following Articles
References
Organic Chemistry, Compound Detection
Organic Chemistry, Compound Detection
Glossary
Introduction
Chromatographic Methods
Flash Chromatography
Droplet Countercurrent Chromatography
High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Reversed-Phase HPLC (RP/HPLC)
Detection Systems
Fluorescence Detection
Radioactivity Detectors
Preparative Liquid Chromatography
Chiral Separations Using Capillary GC
Enantiomeric Analysis of Amino Acids by HPLC
Chiral Separations by HPLC
Gas Chromatography
Derivatization Gas Chromatography
Cyclic Derivatives
Separation of Enantiomers
Cyclodextrins
Applications of cyclodextrins
Sugars and Related Compounds
Insecticides and Pesticides
Separation and Identification of Geometrical and Optical Isomers
Identification Methods Based on Comparison of Retention Data
Identification Methods Using On-Line Selective Detectors
Monitoring of Column Effluents by MS
Reaction Gas Chromatography
Esterification in Situ
In Situ Hydrolysis
Dehydration and Decarboxylation
Carbon Skeleton Determination of Organic Compounds
Locating Double Bond Position
Selective Removal of Compounds from Mixtures
Combination of TLC and Vapor-Phase Chromatography
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography (Py/GC)
Pyrolysis of Synthetic Polymers
Pyrolysis of Biological Molecules
Pyrolysis of Drugs and Natural Products
Pyrolysis of Organic Geopolymers
Extraterrestrial Matter
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
Interfacing Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Fourier Transform IR (SFC–FTIR)
Superficial Fluid Chromatography (SCF) and SCF/MS for Analysis of Complex Hydrocarbon Mixtures
Thin-Layer Chromatography
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography
Impregnated Layers
Detection and Visualization
Radiochemical Techniques
Coupled TLC Techniques
TLC–GC
GC–TLC
In Situ Chemical Reactions on TL Plates
Lab on-a-Chip
Field-Flow Fractionation (FFF)
Ion Chromatography (IC)
Capillary Electrochromatography (CEC)
Spectroscopic Methods
Infrared Spectroscopy
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Spectrometry (DRIFTS)
Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy (2D IR)
Chromatographic Optimization of Combined GC–FTIR–MS
Matrix Isolation Fourier Transform Spectrometry (MI-FTIR)
Analytical Applications Using GC–MI-FTIR
Protein sample preparation
Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy (FT-RS)
Vacuumless Spectrochemistry in the Vacuum Ultraviolet
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
GC–MS–MS
MALDI–MS
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
13C NMR Spectroscopy
13C-CP/MAS NMR
Applications of FTNMR
Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy 2D-NMR)
Applications of 2D-NMR Spectroscopy
1H NMR “Polarimetry”
Supersonic Jet Spectroscopy
Gas Chromatography–Supersonic Jet Spectroscopy (GC–SJ Spectroscopy)
X-Ray Crystallography
Chemical Analysis
Future Prospects
See also the Following Articles
References
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
Glossary
Introduction
Photoacoustic Effect and Signal Generation
Advantages
Instrumentation
Modulated Photoacoustic Spectrometer
Pulsed Photoacoustic Spectrometer
Photoacoustic Cells
Basic Photoacoustic Cell
Photoacoustic Open Cell
Cell with Optical Microphone
Cuvette Cell
Layered Prism Cell
Applications
Chemical Analysis
Biophysics of Proteins and Organic Molecules
Dermatology
Oncology and Photosensitizers
Ophthalmology
Plant Biology
Biomass Determination
Photosynthesis
Photoacoustic signal generation leaves.
Photosynthetic energy storage.
Light state transitions.
Photosynthetic oxygen evolution.
Spectral Properties
Environmental Sciences
See also the following Articles
References
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Glossary
Fundamentals of Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Basic Principles
Photoelectron Spectra
Competing Photoemission Processes
Comparison to the Optical Spectrum of the Ion
Photoelectron Spectra of Solids
Angular Distribution of Photoelectrons
Angle-Resolved Photoelectron Spectra
Spin-Resolved Photoelectron Spectra
Zero Kinetic Energy Photoelectron Spectra
Photoemission From Atoms,Photoemiss Photoemission From Atoms, Molecules, and Solids
The Independent-Particle Model
The Frozen Orbital Approximation
Secondary Structures in PE Spectra
Koopmans’ Theorem
Final State Effects
Auger Parameter and Chemical State Plot
Vibrational Fine Structure
Multiplet Splitting
Instrumentation
Vacuum Requirements
Radiation Source
Collision Chamber and Sample Inlet System
Electron Energy Analyzer
Detectors
Magnetic Shielding
Instrumentation for Angle-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Some Examples
Free Molecules
Energy Band Mapping
Atomic Charges
Investigation of Adsorbates
Studies in Corrosion
New Directions
See also the Following Articles
References
Raman Spectroscopy
Raman Spectroscopy
Glossary
Classical Model of Raman Scattering
Quantum Mechanical Model of Raman Scattering
Appearance of A Raman Spectrum and Units
Polarization Properties of Raman Scattering
Basic Experimental Apparatus
Radiation Sources
Dispersion Elements
Detectors
Filters
Basic Experimental Techniques
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy
SPP-Raman
Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy
Confocal Raman Microscopy
Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy
Nonlinear Raman Effects
Hyper-Raman Spectroscopy
Surface-Enhanced Hyper-Raman Spectroscopy
Stimulated Raman Effect
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy
Chemical and Biochemical Applications
Chemical Applications
CARS Cross-Sectional Imaging
FT-Raman Analysis of Polymers
SERS of Self-Assembled Monolayers at the Solid/Liquid Interface
SEHRS Assisted Assignment of Vibrational Bands
SPP-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Carbon Clusters
Biochemical Applications
The Solid State
Symmetry of Vibrations from Single-Crystal Spectra
Semiconductors
Phase Transitions
Recent Developments—Single Molecule Sers (SMSERS)
See also the Following Articles
References
Scanning Probe Microscopy
Scanning Probe Microscopy
Glossary
Basic Operating Principles
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Applications of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (Stm)
Applications of Atomic Force Microscopy (Afm)
Other SPM Techniques and Applications
Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM)
Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
Electric Force Microscopy (EFM) and Scanning Surface Potential Microscopy (SSPM)
Scanning Capacitance Microscopy (SCM)
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)
Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM)
Future Trends
See also the Following Articles
References
Sonoluminescence and Sonochemistry
Sonoluminescence and Sonochemistry
Glossary
Introduction to Cavitation
Acoustic Cavitation
Two-Site Model of Sonochemical Reactivity
Microjet Formation during Cavitation at Liquid–Solid Interfaces
Sonoluminescence
Types of Sonoluminescence
Multiple-Bubble Sonoluminescence
Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence
Spectroscopic Probes of Cavitation Conditions
Sonochemistry
Experimental Design
Homogeneous Sonochemistry: Bond Breaking and Radical Formation
Applications of Sonochemistry to Materials Synthesis and Catalysis
Heterogeneous Sonochemistry: Reactions of Solids with Liquids
See also the Following Articles
References
Spectroscopy in Forensic Science
Spectroscopy in Forensic Science
Glossary
History
Forensic Spectroscopy Techniques
Visible Spectroscopy
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (UVS)
Fluorescence Spectroscopy (FS)
Infrared Spectroscopy (IRS)
Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy
Raman Spectroscopy
Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Spectroscopy
Atomic Spectroscopy (AS)
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS)
Spectrophotometry (SP)
Microscopical Spectrophotometry (MSP)
Conclusion
See also the Following Articles
References
Thermal Analysis
Thermal Analysis
Glossary
Introduction
Scope of Thermal Analysis
Nomenclature
Symbols
Standardization
Reporting Thermal Analysis Data
Components of Thermal Analysis instrumentation
Furnace Design
Temperature Programmes
Recording Systems
Publications and Books on Thermal Analysis
Differential Scanning Calorimetry and differential Thermal Analysis

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